Table 3.
Preliminary Results, Standardized (n = 1,629)
| SMU intensity | SMU problems | Attention deficits | Impulsivity | Hyperactivity | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| β | SE | p | β | SE | p | β | SE | p | β | SE | p | β | SE | p | |
| Wave 2a | .39 | .06 | < .001 | .84 | .05 | < .001 | .27 | .06 | < .001 | −.05 | .07 | .476 | .09 | .06 | .117 |
| Wave 3a | .84 | .06 | < .001 | .35 | .06 | < .001 | .67 | .07 | < .001 | .20 | .06 | .001 | .09 | .07 | .163 |
| Girlsb | .42 | .09 | < .001 | .22 | .08 | .007 | −.07 | .09 | .445 | −.18 | .09 | .046 | −.02 | .09 | .842 |
| Prevocational educationc | .26 | .09 | .003 | .45 | .09 | < .001 | .25 | .10 | .010 | .28 | .09 | .003 | .26 | .10 | .007 |
| Native ethnic backgroundd | .25 | .12 | .034 | −.03 | .012 | .831 | .19 | .13 | .150 | .02 | .14 | .871 | .26 | .11 | .021 |
| ICCe | .803 | .899 | .715 | .771 | .756 | ||||||||||
Results represent multilevel multiple regression results estimated with Maximum Likelihood with Robust standard errors. Observations (n = 1,629) were nested in individuals (n = 543). Waves were specified on the within‐person level; girls, educational level, and ethnic background were specified on the between‐person level. All independent covariates are binary, and therefore all coefficients were standardized based on STDY‐standardization. SMU = social media use; ICC = intraclass correlation.
a
Ref. = wave 1.
b
Ref. = boys.
c
Ref. = intermediate/pre‐university.
d
Ref. = immigrant background.
e
ICC = variance between/(variance within + variance between).