TABLE 2.
Prevalence of cattle and rodent related risk factors for leptospirosis among cross‐sectional community study participants, by District, northern Tanzania, 2013–2015
| Variable | Districts of Arusha Region | Districts of Kilimanjaro Region | Chi2 a | ||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Longido N = 59 |
Monduli N = 56 |
Hai N = 11 |
Moshi Rural N = 44 |
Moshi Municipal N = 103 |
Rombo N = 13 |
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| n | % | 95% CI | n | % | 95 CI | n | % | 95% CI | n | % | 95% CI | n | 95% CI | n | % | 95% CI | p | ||
| Owned cattle | 59 | 100 | 93.9, 100 | 56 | 100 | 93.6, 100 | 11 | 100 | 71.5, 100 | 29 | 65.9 | 50.1, 79.5 | 41 | 39.8 | 30.2, 49.9 | 10 | 76.9 | 46.4, 92.8 | <.01 |
| Milked cattle | 27 | 45.8 | 32.7, 59.2 | 30 | 53.6 | 39.7, 67.0 | 7 | 63.6 | 30.8, 89.1 | 10 | 22.7 | 11.5, 37.8 | 13 | 12.6 | 6.9, 20.6 | 5 | 38.5 | 13.9, 68.4 | <.01 |
| Slept in the same room as cattle | 3 | 5.1 | 10.6, 14.1 | 3 | 5.4 | 1.1, 14.9 | 2 | 18.2 | 2.3, 51.8 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.0, 8.0 | 1 | 1.0 | 0.0, 5.3 | 1 | 7.7 | 0.2, 36.0 | .03 |
| Cleaned up cattle waste | 13 | 22.0 | 12.3, 34.7 | 13 | 23.2 | 13.0, 36.4 | 9 | 81.8 | 48.2, 97.7 | 23 | 52.3 | 36.7, 67.5 | 25 | 24.3 | 16.4, 33.7 | 6 | 46.2 | 19.2, 74.9 | <.01 |
| Herded cattle | 38 | 35.6 | 23.6, 49.1 | 15 | 26.8 | 15.8, 40.3 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.0, 28.5 | 2 | 4.5 | 0.6, 15.5 | 6 | 5.8 | 2.2, 12.2 | 1 | 7.7 | 0.2, 36.0 | <.01 |
| Handled cattle placenta | 14 | 23.7 | 12.3, 34.7 | 9 | 16.1 | 7.6, 28.3 | 2 | 18.2 | 2.3, 51.8 | 1 | 2.3 | 0.1, 12.0 | 9 | 8.7 | 4.0, 15.9 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.0, 24.7 | <.01 |
| Assisted with cattle birth | 13 | 22.0 | 13.6, 36.6 | 10 | 17.9 | 8.9, 30.3 | 2 | 18.2 | 2.3, 51.8 | 1 | 2.3 | 0.1, 12.0 | 3 | 2.9 | 0.6, 8.3 | 2 | 15.4 | 1.9, 45.4 | <.01 |
| Handled aborted cattle products | 4 | 6.8 | 1.8, 16.5 | 3 | 5.4 | 1.1, 14.9 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.0, 28.5 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.0, 8.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.0, 3.5 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.0, 24.7 | .05 |
| Slaughtered cattle | 10 | 16.9 | 8.4, 29.0 | 9 | 16.1 | 7.6, 28.3 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.0, 28.5 | 2 | 4.5 | 0.6, 15.5 | 3 | 2.9 | 0.6, 8.3 | 1 | 7.7 | 0.2, 36.0 | .01 |
| Performed rodent control activities | 47 | 79.7 | 67.2, 89.0 | 51 | 91.1 | 80.4, 97.0 | 9 | 81.8 | 47.3, 95.8 | 40 | 90.9 | 78.3, 97.4 | 94 | 91.3 | 84.1, 95.9 | 12 | 92.3 | 64.0, 99.8 | .25 |
| Handled rodent carcasses | 4 | 6.8 | 1.8, 16.5 | 1 | 1.8 | 0.1, 9.6 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.0, 28.5 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.0, 8.0 | 3 | 2.9 | 0.6, 8.3 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.0, 24.7 | .35 |
| Disposed of rodent carcasses by feeding them to other animals | 17 | 28.8 | 17.8, 42.0 | 18 | 32.1 | 20.2, 46.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.0, 28.5 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.0, 8.0 | 5 | 4.9 | 1.6, 11.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.0, 24.7 | <.01 |
| Saw rodents in the house | 23 | 39.0 | 26.5, 52.6 | 6 | 10.7 | 4.0, 21.9 | 8 | 72.7 | 39.0, 94.0 | 14 | 31.8 | 18.6, 47.6 | 28 | 27.2 | 18.8, 36.8 | 4 | 30.8 | 9.1, 61.4 | <.01 |
| Saw evidence of rodents in the house | 47 | 79.7 | 67.2, 89.0 | 49 | 87.5 | 75.9, 94.8 | 8 | 72.7 | 39.0, 94.0 | 24 | 54.5 | 38.8, 69.6 | 67 | 65.0 | 55.0, 74.2 | 12 | 92.3 | 64.0, 99.8 | <.01 |
| Saw evidence of rodents in the kitchen | 14 | 23.7 | 13.6, 36.6 | 6 | 10.7 | 4.0, 21.9 | 7 | 63.6 | 30.8, 89.1 | 21 | 47.7 | 32.5, 63.3 | 30 | 29.1 | 20.6, 38.9 | 4 | 30.8 | 9.1, 61.4 | <.01 |
| Saw evidence of rodents in their compound | 23 | 39.0 | 26.5, 52.6 | 20 | 35.7 | 23.3, 49.6 | 8 | 72.7 | 39.0, 94.0 | 22 | 50.0 | 34.6, 65.4 | 37 | 35.9 | 26.7, 46.0 | 8 | 61.5 | 31.6, 86.1 | .07 |
| Saw evidence of rodents in their fields | 17 | 28.8 | 17.8, 42.0 | 35 | 62.5 | 48.5, 75.1 | 3 | 27.3 | 6.0, 61.0 | 24 | 54.5 | 38.8, 69.6 | 33 | 32.0 | 23.1, 42.0 | 3 | 23.1 | 5.0, 53.8 | <.01 |
Abbreviation: CI, confidence intervals.
a
Chi2 refers to difference between districts.