Table 8.
Two-stage least squares impacts of program participation on short-term outcomes (“Treatment on the Treated”), instrumenting for participation using treatment status and controlling for baseline characteristics (percent, unless otherwise noted)
| Program component | Treatment mean | Control mean | Impact | p-Value | Adjusted p-value | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Contraception use in previous 12 months | ||||||
| Use of a LARC | 40.24 | 27.63 | 12.61 | 0.134 | 0.239 | 219 |
| Unprotected sex | 23.13 | 26.95 | − 3.82 | 0.649 | 0.840 | 218 |
| Respondent intends to wait two or more years before having next child | 89.63 | 93.39 | − 3.75 | 0.478 | a | 216 |
| Frequency of parental engagement in last month—scale from 0 (never) to 3 (every or almost every day) | ||||||
| Mother’s engagement with child | 2.48 | 2.47 | 0.01 | 0.907 | 0.999 | 217 |
| Father’s engagement with child | 1.47 | 1.54 | − 0.08 | 0.700 | 0.993 | 211 |
| Quality of co-parenting relationship—scale from 1 to 5 with higher values representing stronger co-parenting | 3.71 | 3.82 | − 0.10 | 0.479 | 0.882 | 216 |
| Father pays half or more of child care costs | 66.65 | 70.10 | − 3.45 | 0.666 | 0.987 | 216 |
| Capacity for self-sufficiency—scale from 1 to 4 with higher values representing greater self sufficiency | 2.15 | 2.13 | 0.02 | 0.730 | 0.997 | 221 |
| Child health and development | ||||||
| Number of well visits | 6.15 | 6.64 | − 0.49 | 0.439 | 0.745 | 200 |
| Has health insurance for child | 96.12 | 93.03 | 3.09 | 0.391 | 0.895 | 216 |
Treatment and control group means are regression adjusted. Impacts on binary outcomes are estimated using a two-stage least squares model instrumenting for program participation using treatment status, with standard errors adjusted to account for heteroskedasticity. Regressions control for all baseline characteristics and stratum in addition to treatment status. All p-values are based on a two-sided test, and adjusted p-values control for the familywise error rate using the method in Hothorn et al. (2008). Sample sizes differ across outcomes due to missing outcome data. Source: Baseline survey and 12 month follow-up survey
*Significantly different from zero at the .10 level after adjusting for multiple comparisons, two-tailed test
**Significantly different from zero at the .05 level after adjusting for multiple comparisons, two-tailed test
***Significantly different from zero at the .01 level after adjusting for multiple comparisons, two-tailed test
aIn this table, p-values are adjusted for multiple comparisons within outcome domains. Birth spacing intention is the only outcome in its domain, so the adjusted p-value is excluded here