Table 2.
The results of linear regression analyses when predicting blood pressure by compassion. Estimates with 95% confidence intervals (CI)
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| B | 95% CI | Beta | B | 95% CI | Beta | B | 95% CI | Beta | |
| Diastolic blood pressure (2007/2011) | |||||||||
| Age | 0.13** | 0.05; 0.22 | 0.07 | 0.08 | − 0.01; 0.17 | 0.04 | 0.06 | − 0.03; 0.15 | 0.03 |
| Sex1 | 3.13*** | 2.28; 3.99 | 0.16 | 3.22*** | 2.33; 4.12 | 0.16 | 2.77*** | 1.82; 3.72 | 0.14 |
| Baseline diastolic blood pressure (2001) | 0.58*** | 0.54; 0.63 | 0.61 | 0.58*** | 0.54; 0.63 | 0.62 | 0.55*** | 0.51; 0.60 | 0.59 |
| Parents’ level of income (1980) | − 0.10 | − 0.59; 0.38 | − 0.01 | 0.01 | − 0.46; 0.49 | 0.00 | |||
| Parents’ educational level (1980) | − 0.82* | − 1.48; − 0.17 | − 0.06 | − 0.86* | − 1.51; − 0.21 | − 0.07 | |||
| Participants’ level of income (2011) | − 0.10 | − 0.59; 0.38 | − 0.02 | − 0.23 | − 0.68; 0.23 | − 0.02 | |||
| Participants’ years of education (2011) | − 0.65** | − 1.09; − 0.21 | − 0.07 | − 0.55* | − 0.99; − 0.11 | − 0.06 | |||
| Coffee consumption (2001) | 0.12 | − 0.34; 0.59 | 0.01 | ||||||
| Smoking status2 (2007/2011) | − 0.80 | − 1.97; 0.37 | − 0.03 | ||||||
| Alcohol use (2007/2011) | − 0.42 | − 0.92; 0.08 | − 0.04 | ||||||
| Body mass index (2007/2011) | 1.29*** | 0.84; 1.75 | 0.13 | ||||||
| Physical activity (2007/2011) | − 0.11 | − 0.56; 0.34 | − 0.01 | ||||||
| Compassion (2001) | − 0.55* | − 0.99; − 0.11 | − 0.05 | − 0.50* | − 0.94; − 0.07 | − 0.05 | − 0.45* | − 0.88; − 0.02 | − 0.04 |
| Systolic blood pressure (2007/2011) | |||||||||
| Age | 0.32*** | 0.21; 0.43 | 0.13 | 0.27*** | 0.16; 0.38 | 0.10 | 0.23*** | 0.12; 0.35 | 0.09 |
| Sex1 | 3.15*** | 2.01; 4.29 | 0.12 | 3.10*** | 1.90; 4.30 | 0.12 | 2.48*** | 1.21; 3.75 | 0.10 |
| Baseline systolic blood pressure (2001) | 0.64*** | 0.59; 0.68 | 0.64 | 0.63*** | 0.59; 0.68 | 0.63 | 0.61*** | 0.57; 0.66 | 0.61 |
| Parents’ level of income (1980) | − 0.37 | − 0.98; 0.25 | − 0.03 | − 0.24 | − 0.85; 0.37 | − 0.02 | |||
| Parents’ educational level (1980) | − 0.57 | − 1.41; 0.26 | − 0.03 | − 0.60 | − 1.43; 0.23 | − 0.04 | |||
| Participants’ level of income (2011) | − 0.03 | − 0.60; 0.55 | 0.00 | 0.00 | − 0.58; 0.58 | 0.00 | |||
| Participants’ years of education (2011) | − 1.01*** | − 1.57; − 0.45 | − 0.08 | − 0.84** | − 1.41; − 0.27 | − 0.07 | |||
| Coffee consumption (2001) | 0.39 | − 0.20; 0.98 | 0.03 | ||||||
| Smoking status2 (2007/2011) | − 0.53 | − 2.02; 0.96 | − 0.02 | ||||||
| Alcohol use (2007/2011) | − 0.60 | − 1.24; 0.04 | − 0.04 | ||||||
| Body mass index (2007/2011) | 1.19*** | 0.61; 1.77 | 0.09 | ||||||
| Physical activity (2007/2011) | − 0.30 | − 0.88; 0.27 | − 0.02 | ||||||
| Compassion (2001) | − 0.61* | − 1.17; − 0.05 | − 0.04 | − 0.56* | − 1.11; − 0.00 | − 0.04 | − 0.48 | − 1.03; 0.07 | − 0.04 |
***p < .001; **p < .01; *p < .05. 1Female as the reference group. 2Participants without daily smoking as the reference group. N = 1112. Model 1, adjusted for age, sex, the baseline level of diastolic/systolic blood pressure, and the use of antihypertensive medications. Model 2, adjusted also for parents’ and offspring’s socioeconomic factors. Model 3, adjusted also for health behaviors. Compassion was standardized to mean = 0 and SD = 1. Hence, B refers to change in blood pressure (mmHg) per one-unit change (i.e., 1-SD change) in compassion