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. 2020 Sep 2;13:163. doi: 10.3389/fnmol.2020.00163

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Copyright © 2020 Eisdorfer, Smit, Keefe, Lemay, Smith and Spence.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Strengthening of monosynaptic connections by epidural electrical stimulation (EES) induced activation of group Ia afferents. (A) Schematic illustration depicting group Ia afferents directly activating motoneurons (MNs, red) to activate agonistic muscles and indirectly (orange MNs) to inhibit antagonistic muscles (via inhibitory interneurons, iINs, black). (B) After spinal cord injury (SCI), EES increases the activity of type Ia afferents, putatively strengthening their connections by inducing sprouting and new synapse formation onto MNs and iINs.