Table 1.

Characteristics of the included studies

References	Country of origin	Year data collected	Sample source	N	Sexual orientation	Gender	Ethnicity	Age (years) M (SD); range
Elizur and Mintzer (2001, 2003)	Israel	NS	Gay meeting places, clubs, associations, HIV testing clinics, snowballing	121	100% gay	100% men	89% Israeli	32
							11% other	23−72
Gil (2007)	Israel	NS	Undergraduate psychology cohort and university gay student support group	180	42% gay	100% men	80% Israeli	23 (1.6)
					58% heterosexual		20% other
Hershberger and D’Augelli (1995)	USA	NS	Lesbian and gay community centers	165	100% lesbian, gay, or bisexual	25% women	67% White	19 (1.5)
						75% men	33% BAME	15−21
Ifrah et al. (2018)	Israel	2004	Gay youth organization	202	38% lesbian	38% women	90% Israeli	21 (4.7)
					62% gay	62% men	10% other
Leserman et al. (1994)	USA	NS	Health departments, gay organizations, advertisements, and snowballing	169	100% gay	100% men	NS	31 (6.3) 18−50
Riggle et al. (2009)a	USA	1995	National	3552	3% lesbian, gay, or bisexual	50% women	87% White	44
					97% heterosexual	50% men	13% BAME
Rosario et al. (2006)	New York, USA	1993−1995	LGBTQ + community and university organizations	156	64% consistently lesbian/gay	49% women	22% White	18 (1.6)
					20% transitioned from bisexual to gay/lesbian	51% men	78% BAME	14−21
					16% consistently bisexual
Rosario et al. (2009)b	New York, USA	1993−1995	LGBTQ + community and university organizations	68	43% masculine lesbian	100% women	20% White	18 (1.6)
					27% feminine lesbian		80% BAME	14−21
					30% feminine bisexual
Shilo and Mor (2014)	Israel	2010	General and LGBTQ + social media groups and web forums	685	21% lesbian	36% women	NS	22 (4.7)
					57% gay	64% men
					22% bisexual
Shilo and Savaya (2011)	Israel	2006	LGBTQ + youth groups, web forums, and snowballing	461	74% lesbian/gay	50% women	NS	18 (1.8)
					26% bisexual	50% men		16−23
Shilo et al. (2015)	Israel	2010	LGBTQ + social media groups and web forums	890	79% lesbian/gay	48% women	NS	32
					15% bisexual	52% men		12−60
					5% questioning
					1% queer
Siegelman (1979)	UK	NS	Newspaper advertisements, lesbian organizations, university students, and snowballing	110	63% lesbian	100% women	NS	35
					37% heterosexual
Yanykin and Nasledov (2017)	Russia	NS	Online LGBTQ + communities and social networks.	92	100% lesbian/gay	NS	NS	29

NS = not specified, BAME =  Black and Asian Minority Ethnic groups. All included studies were cross-sectional survey designs

^aRiggle et al. (2009) used national probability sampling, but all other studies utilized convenience and/or snowball sampling

^bSubsample used from Rosario et al. (2006)