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Etiologies of hyperhomocysteinemia
| Mild to moderate hyperhomocsyteinemia | Severe hyperhomocsyteinemia |
|---|---|
| Genetic polymorphism of MTHFR (commonly C677T and A1298C) | Classic homocystinuria (CBS deficiency) |
| Medication side effects (methotrexate, theophylline, phenytoin, and cyclosporine) | |
| Lifestyle (alcoholism, pregnancy) | |
| Chronic diseases (end-stage renal disease, severe hepatic dysfunction, diabetes mellitus, and hypothyroidism) |
