Table 1.
Characteristics of the included studies
| Author | Year | Country | Study design | Sample size | Age, years | Fall definition | Fall ascertainment | Fall reference period | Identified significant risk factors | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fall | Non-fall | Fall | Non-fall | ||||||||
| Chu-Hsu Lin 2016 [19] | 2016 | Taiwan, China | Co, P | 183 | 770 | 68.8 ± 8.3 | 66.4 ± 8.4 | Falling with landing on the ground or lower level | Telephone interview | Previous 24 months | Age, hypertension, diabetes |
| Wojciech Pluskiewicz 2016 [20] | 2016 | Poland | Co, P | 328 | 650 | 67.2 ± 7.7 | 65.2 ± 7.5 | “From an upright position” | Interviews | Previous 12 months | Age, rural stay, prior fracture, diabetes type 1, bronchial asthma, and depression |
| Nadia Afrin 2016 [21] | 2016 | Finland | Co, P | 3593 | 7001 | 52.2 ± 2.9 | 52.3 ± 2.9 | “From an upright position” | Self-report | Previous 12 months | Weight, BMI, surgery, current use of prescribed medications, smoking, previous fracture |
| Nadia Afrin 2018 [22] | 2018 | Finland | Co, P | 3397 | 5259 | 62.1 ± 2.9 | 62.2 ± 2.9 | “From an upright position” | Self-report | Previous 12 months | BMI, number of prescribed medications, number of chronic diseases, mobility, smoker, alcohol, number of women with musculoskeletal disorders |
| B.Drozdzowska 2013 [23] | 2013 | Poland | Co, P | 211 | 407 | 67.6 ± 7.9 | 65.6 ± 7.7 | NR | Interviews | Previous 12 months | Age, height, menopause, instrumental activity of daily living |
| Yuksel Ersoy 2009 [24] | 2009 | Turkey | Co, P | 35 | 90 | 64.5 ± 8.1 | 60.2 ± 7.5 | Unintentionally coming to rest on the ground, floor, or other lower level | Self-report | Previous 12 months | Age, Berg Balance Scale, TUG test, FES-I, fear |
| F. Hita-Contreras 2013 [25] | 2013 | Spain | Co, P | 20 | 76 | 56.6 ± 4.2 | 57.9 ± 3.9 | An unexpected event in which the participants come to rest on the ground, floor, or lower level | Interviews | Previous 12 months | FES-I, velocity, sway area |
| Kerri M. Winters-Stone 2011 [26] | 2011 | USA | Co, P | 34 | 25 | 59.2 ± 7.1 | 57.4 ± 12.4 | Unintentionally coming to rest on the ground or at some other lower level, not as a result of a major intrinsic event or overwhelming hazard | Self-report | Previous 6 months | Balance disturbances of vestibular origin, delays in detecting low contrast visual stimuli |
| Shawna Follis 2018 [27] | 2018 | USA | Co, P | 2509 | 7415 | 50–79 | 50–79 | Fall and land on the floor or ground | Self-report | Previous 12 months | Sarcopenic obesity |
| Kaisa M. Randell 2001 [28] | 2001 | Finland | Co, P | 3049 | 6743 | 57.5 ± 2.8 | 57.6 ± 2.9 | NR | Self-report | Previous 12 months | Weight, number of disorders, dairy Ca intake, physically active, smoking |
| Abdulrahim A. Rouzi 2015 [29] | 2015 | Saudi Arabia | Co, P | 91 | 543 | 61.64 ± 5.69 | 59.6 ± 5.95 | Asudden unintentional change in position causing an individual to land at a lower level on an object, on the floor, or on the ground | Interviews | Previous 12 months | Age, time since menopause, bone mineral density, handgrip strength, TUG test |
Co, cohort study; P, prospective study; NR, not report; TUG, timed up and go; BMI, body mass index; FES-I, Falls Efficacy Scale International