Table 3.
Common animal models of Parkinson’s Disease.
| Model | Characteristics | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| 1. Mouse models | ||
| Pharmacological models | ||
| 6-OHDA | Stereotaxic injection in medial forebrain bundle | Zigmond and Stricker (1984) |
| MPTP | IP injection induce loss of dopaminergic neurons of nigrostriatal pathway | Sonsalla et al. (1987) and Sonsalla and Heikkila (1988) |
| Rotenone | Stereotaxic injection in parenchyma caused damage in dopaminergic nigrostriatal pathway | Heikkila et al. (1985) |
| Reserpine | Impairment in monoamines storage in intracellular vesicles disrupting motor activity | Spina and Cohen (1989) and Cooper et al. (2004) |
| Genetically modified models | ||
| A53T | Mutation leads formation of neuronal inclusions leading neurodegeneration | Giasson et al. (2002) |
| PINK1 transgenic mice (knockout) | Display impaired dopamine release, but not dopaminergic neurons degeneration | Kitada et al. (2007) |
| Parkin transgenic mice (knockout) | Display abnormalities in dopamine transmission, but not dopaminergic neuron degeneration | Perez et al. (2005) |
| DJ-1 transgenic mice (knockout) | Display abnormalities in dopamine transmission, but not dopaminergic neuron degeneration | Goldberg et al. (2005) |
| LRKK2 transgenic mice (overexpression) | Display dopaminergic dysfunction and some behavioral deficits, but not dopaminergic neurons degeneration | Lin et al. (2009) |
| Recombinant adeno-associated viral vector (AVV) models | ||
| Human WT-α-synuclein | Direct injection in SN induce progressive loss of dopaminergic neuron | St. Martin et al. (2007) |
| Human-A53T-α-synuclein | Direct injection in SN induce progressive loss of dopaminergic neuron | Oliveras-Salvá et al. (2013) |
| 2. Rat models | ||
| Pharmacological models | ||
| 6-OHDA | Direct administration in the brain (striatum, subtantia nigra or median forebrain bundle) cause the loss of dopaminergic neurons | Ungerstedt (1968) |
| Haloperidol | IP injection block striatal dopamine transmission | Sanberg (1980) |
| Rotenone | IV or IP administration cause nigrostriatal dopaminergic degeneration | Betarbet et al. (2000) |
| Recombinant adeno-associated viral vector (AVV) models | ||
| Human WT-α-synuclein Human-A53T-α-synuclein | Direct injection in SN induce progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons and motor impairtment | Kirik et al. (2002a,b) |
| Human A30P-α-synuclein | Direct injection in SN induce progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons and motor impairtment | Klein et al. (2002) |
| 3. Large models | ||
| Pharmacological models | ||
| MPTP rhesus monkey | IP injection induce loss of dopaminergic neurons of nigrostriatal pathway | Burns et al. (1983) |
| MPTP squirrel monkey | IP injection induce loss of dopaminergic neurons of nigrostriatal pathway | Langston et al. (1984) |
| MPTP marmoset monkey | IP injection induce loss of dopaminergic neurons of nigrostriatal pathway | Jenner et al. (1984) |