TABLE 3.
Changes in Pain Intensity Associated With Demographic and Clinical Characteristics
| First Visit‡ | Second and Subsequent Visits§ | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic and Clinical Characteristics | Coefficient | 95% CI | Coefficient | 95% CI |
| Age (y) | ||||
| 18–39 | 0.05 | −0.09 to 0.19 | 0.12 | −0.07 to 0.31 |
| 40–54 | 0.08 | −0.03 to 0.19 | 0.14 | 0.01–0.28* |
| 55–64 | Reference | — | Reference | — |
| 65–69 | −0.11 | −0.22 to 0.01 | −0.01 | −0.17 to 0.12 |
| 70–79 | −0.18 | −0.29 to 0.07† | −0.14 | −0.23 to −0.05* |
| 80+ | 0.05 | −0.12 to 0.23 | −0.09 | −0.3 to 0.12 |
| Sex | ||||
| Female | Reference | — | Reference | — |
| Male | 0.07 | −0.03 to 0.18 | 0.03 | −0.10 to 0.15 |
| Marital status | ||||
| Not married | Reference | — | Reference | — |
| Married | −0.10 | −0.18 to 0.03† | −0.05 | −0.14 to 0.05 |
| Not reported | −0.24 | −0.64 to 0.16 | −0.20 | −0.71 to 0.31 |
| Race | ||||
| White | Reference | — | Reference | — |
| Black | −0.02 | −0.13 to 0.09 | −0.12 | −0.26 to 0.02 |
| Other | 0.28 | 0.04–0.52* | 0.31 | 0.01–0.60* |
| Not reported | 0.13 | −0.03 to 0.29 | 0.14 | −0.05 to 0.34 |
| Copay status | ||||
| Copay required | Reference | — | Reference | — |
| No copay due to disability | 0.14 | 0–0.27* | 0.08 | −0.08 to 0.25 |
| No copay due to means | 0.07 | −0.06 to 0.21 | −0.02 | −0.19 to 0.15 |
| Geographic location | ||||
| Rural residence | Reference | — | Reference | — |
| Metropolitan/suburban residence | −0.04 | −0.15 to 0.06 | 0.02 | −0.11 to 0.15 |
| Pain type (chronic) | ||||
| Back | Reference | — | Reference | — |
| Fibromyalgia | −0.15 | −0.43 to 0.14 | −0.17 | −0.55 to 0.22 |
| Joint | −0.03 | −0.22 to 0.16 | −0.16 | −0.45 to 0.13 |
| Neck | 0.14 | −0.07 to 0.35 | −0.19 | −0.50 to 0.12 |
| Osteoarthritis | −0.25 | −0.59 to 0.09 | 0.07 | −0.40 to 0.54 |
| >1 | −0.05 | −0.15 to 0.05 | −0.06 | −0.19 to 0.06 |
| No history of chronic pain | 0.06 | −0.09 to 0.15 | 0 | −0.14 to 0.15 |
| Opioid use in the year to first BFA treatment | ||||
| None or <30 d supply | Reference | — | Reference | — |
| ≥30 d supply | 0.30 | 0.22–0.38† | 0.20 | 0.10–0.29† |
| Psychological comorbidity | ||||
| Depression | 0.02 | −0.23 to 0.27 | 0.13 | −0.16 to 0.42 |
| Mood disorders | 0.08 | −0.17 to 0.33 | −0.08 | −0.37 to 0.20 |
| Anxiety disorders | 0.03 | −0.06 to 0.12 | 0.01 | −0.11 to 0.12 |
| Alcohol use disorders | −0.02 | −0.16 to 0.11 | −0.14 | −0.31 to 0.19 |
| Substance use disorders | 0.01 | −0.25 to 0.26 | −0.15 | −0.46 to 0.15 |
| Trauma-related disorders (PTSD) | 0.01 | −0.73 to 0.10 | 0.01 | −0.10 to 0.12 |
| No. complex chronic conditions | ||||
| None | Reference | — | Reference | — |
| 1 | −0.05 | −0.18 to 0.08 | −0.04 | −0.21 to 0.13 |
| 2 | 0.02 | −0.11 to 0.16 | 0.06 | −0.19 to 0.24 |
| 3 | −0.08 | −0.23 to 0.06 | 0.06 | −0.25 to 0.12 |
| 4 | −0.08 | −0.25 to 0.08 | 0.08 | −0.13 to 0.28 |
| 5 | 0.10 | −0.09 to 0.29 | 0.20 | −0.03 to 0.43 |
| 6+ | 0.22 | −0.17 to 0.18 | 0.06 | −0.16 to 0.27 |
Bold values is the point estimate for the coefficient that is significant.
‡Clustered by site.
§Clustered by patient and site.
BFA indicates battlefield acupuncture; CI, confidence interval; PTSD, posttraumatic stress disorder.
*P<0.05.
†P<0.01.