Table 1.
Clinical Characteristics of Patients With Chronic Liver Disease and Clinical Outcome of COVID-19
| Total (n = 867) | All-cause mortality status (n = 817) |
P value | Severe COVID-19 (n = 857) |
P value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alive (n = 696) | Died (n = 121) | No (n = 322) | Yes (n = 535) | ||||
| Demographic factors | |||||||
| Age (y) | 56.9 ± 14.5 | 55.7 ± 14.4 | 65.4 ± 12.7 | <.001 | 52.1 ± 13.7 | 59.8 ± 14.3 | <.001 |
| <65 | 596 (68.7) | 497 (71.4) | 62 (51.2) | <.001 | 260 (80.8) | 330 (61.7) | <.001 |
| ≥65 | 271 (31.3) | 199 (28.6) | 59 (48.8) | 62 (19.3) | 205 (38.3) | ||
| Gender (male, %) | 473 (54.7) | 377 (54.3) | 68 (56.2) | .702 | 159 (49.5) | 308 (57.6) | .022 |
| Race/ethnicity | .431 | .020 | |||||
| Non-Hispanic white | 268 (30.9) | 204 (29.3) | 46 (38.0) | 107 (33.2) | 156 (29.2) | ||
| Non-Hispanic black | 267 (30.8) | 217 (31.2) | 37 (30.6) | 112 (34.8) | 152 (28.4) | ||
| Hispanic | 219 (25.3) | 183 (26.3) | 25 (20.7) | 69 (21.4) | 148 (27.7) | ||
| Non-Hispanic Asian | 43 (5.0) | 31 (4.5) | 6 (5.0) | 14 (4.3) | 29 (5.7) | ||
| Other | 38 (4.4) | 32 (4.6) | 5 (4.15) | 8 (2.5) | 30 (5.4) | ||
| Missing | 32 (3.6) | 29 (4.2) | 2 (1.7) | 12 (3.7) | 20 (3.7) | ||
| Liver-related factors | |||||||
| Etiology | <.001 | <.001 | |||||
| HCV | 190 (21.9) | 143 (20.6) | 34 (28.1) | 56 (17.4) | 130 (24.3) | ||
| HBV | 62 (7.2) | 49 (7.0) | 5 (4.1) | 25 (7.8) | 37 (6.9) | ||
| NAFLD | 456 (52.6) | 394 (56.6) | 46 (38.0) | 199 (61.8) | 256 (47.9) | ||
| ALD | 94 (10.8) | 58 (8.3) | 28 (23.1) | 18 (5.6) | 72 (13.5) | ||
| Other | 65 (7.5) | 52 (7.5) | 8 (6.6) | 24 (7.5) | 40 (7.5) | ||
| Missing | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | ||
| Cirrhosis | <.001 | <.001 | |||||
| No cirrhosis | 620 (71.5) | 529 (76.0) | 62 (51.2) | 254 (78.9) | 363 (67.9) | ||
| Compensated cirrhosis | 134 (15.4) | 107 (15.4) | 19 (15.7) | 48 (14.9) | 83 (15.5) | ||
| Decompensated cirrhosis | 93 (10.7) | 48 (6.9) | 38 (31.4) | 14 (4.3) | 77 (14.4) | ||
| Missing | 20 (2.3) | 12 (1.7) | 2 (1.7) | 6 (1.9) | 12 (2.2) | ||
| Hepatocellular carcinoma | 22 (2.5) | 10 (1.4) | 9 (7.4) | <.001 | 3 (0.9) | 18 (3.4) | .026 |
| Comorbidities | |||||||
| Diabetes | 372 (42.9) | 294 (42.2) | 66 (54.5) | .012 | 110 (34.2) | 259 (48.4) | <.001 |
| Hypertension | 492 (56.8) | 387 (55.6) | 83 (68.6) | .008 | 165 (51.2) | 321 (60.0) | .012 |
| Obesity | 365 (42.1) | 305 (43.8) | 47 (38.8) | .307 | 150 (46.6) | 213 (39.8) | .052 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 335 (38.6) | 273 (39.2) | 53 (43.0) | .419 | 113 (35.1) | 218 (40.8) | .100 |
| Cardiovascular disease | 150 (17.3) | 111 (16.0) | 33 (27.3) | .003 | 32 (9.9) | 116 (21.7) | <.001 |
| HIV | 24 (2.8) | 21 (3.0) | 1 (0.8) | .169 | 8 (2.5) | 16 (3.0) | .664 |
| COPD | 77 (8.9) | 54 (7.8) | 20 (16.5) | .002 | 15 (4.7) | 62 (11.6) | .001 |
| Asthma | 91 (10.5) | 78 (11.2) | 10 (8.3) | .335 | 29 (9.0) | 61 (11.4) | .268 |
| Other cancer | 68 (7.8) | 48 (6.9) | 15 (12.4) | .036 | 21 (6.5) | 45 (8.4) | .315 |
| Behavioral factors | |||||||
| Alcohol use | <.001 | .001 | |||||
| Current daily drinking | 107 (12.3) | 75 (10.8) | 25 (20.7) | 34 (10.6) | 70 (13.1) | ||
| Social drinking | 532 (61.3) | 424 (60.9) | 81 (66.9) | 183 (56.8) | 345 (64.5) | ||
| Do not drink currently | 172 (19.8) | 153 (22.0) | 10 (8.3) | 85 (26.4) | 85 (15.9) | ||
| Missing | 56 (6.5) | 44 (6.3) | 5 (4.1) | 20 (6.2) | 35 (6.5) | ||
| Smoking | |||||||
| Current smoker | 95 (10.9) | 70 (10.1) | 19 (15.7) | <.001 | 35 (10.9) | 59 (11.0) | .032 |
| Past smoker | 259 (29.8) | 195 (28.0) | 50 (41.3) | 82 (25.5) | 175 (32.7) | ||
| Never smoker | 482 (55.6) | 414 (59.5) | 46 (38.0) | 199 (61.8) | 278 (52.0) | ||
| Missing | 31 (3.6) | 24 (3.4) | 6 (4.9) | 6 (1.9) | 23 (4.3) | ||
| Opioid use | 31 (3.6) | 23 (3.3) | 2 (1.7) | .330 | 8 (2.5) | 22 (4.1) | .209 |
| Marijuana use | 24 (2.8) | 17 (2.4) | 5 (4.1) | .548 | 10 (3.1) | 13 (2.4) | .553 |
| Treatment | |||||||
| Remdesivir | 39 (4.5) | 31 (4.5) | 5 (4.1) | .874 | 0 (0.0) | 39 (7.3) | <.001 |
| Steroids | 54 (6.2) | 44 (6.3) | 10 (8.3) | .427 | 4 (1.2) | 50 (9.4) | <.001 |
| Hydroxychloroquine | 87 (10.0) | 69 (9.9) | 12 (9.9) | .999 | 4 (1.2) | 83 (15.5) | <.001 |
| Azithromycin | 101 (11.7) | 78 (11.2) | 21 (17.4) | .056 | 25 (7.8) | 76 (14.2) | .005 |
| Hydroxychloroquine + azithromycin | 135 (15.6) | 95 (13.7) | 38 (31.4) | <.001 | 4 (1.2) | 131 (24.5) | <.001 |
NOTE. Data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation or number (proportion). Boldface indicates statistical significance.
ALD, alcohol-related liver disease; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019; HBV, hepatitis B virus infection; HCV, hepatitis C virus infection; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; NAFLD, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.