Table 3.
Univariate and Multivariate Analyses: Overall Survival in Patients With Chronic Liver Disease and COVID-19
| Univariate model for all-cause mortality |
Multivariate model for all-cause mortality (events = 121) |
Multivariate model for mortality due to COVID-19 (events = 105) |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR (95% CI) | P value | HR (95% CI) | P value | HR (95% CI) | P value | |
| Demographic factors | ||||||
| Age (per 10 year) | 1.55 (1.35–1.77) | <.001 | 1.44 (1.21–1.71) | <.001 | 1.52 (1.27–1.82) | <.001 |
| Male | 1.16 (0.81–1.66) | .416 | 1.16 (0.77–1.75) | .472 | 1.23 (0.79–1.91) | .359 |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||||
| Non-Hispanic white | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
| Non-Hispanic black | 0.75 (0.48–1.15) | .186 | 0.81 (0.50–1.32) | .400 | 0.84 (0.50–1.43) | .524 |
| Hispanic | 0.73 (0.45–1.20) | .216 | 0.94 (0.56–1.60) | .830 | 1.20 (0.69–2.09) | .522 |
| Non-Hispanic Asian | 1.03 (0.44–2.42) | .941 | 1.60 (0.54–4.70) | .395 | 1.93 (0.64–5.77) | .244 |
| Other | 0.77 (0.31–1.94) | .580 | 0.60 (0.18–1.96) | .393 | 0.80 (0.24–2.66) | .711 |
| Liver-related factors | ||||||
| Etiology of liver disease | ||||||
| HCV | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
| ALD | 1.75 (1.06–2.89) | .028 | 2.42 (1.29–4.55) | .006 | 2.69 (1.44–5.02) | .002 |
| NAFLD | 0.48 (0.31–0.75) | .001 | 1.05 (0.59–1.87) | .872 | 1.08 (0.59–1.97) | .804 |
| HBV | 0.57 (0.22–1.47) | .247 | 0.80 (0.23–2.74) | .718 | 0.81 (0.23–2.83) | .746 |
| Other | 0.69 (0.32–1.49) | .344 | 1.66 (0.72–3.81) | .236 | 1.15 (0.42–3.13) | .782 |
| Presence of cirrhosis | ||||||
| No | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
| Compensated cirrhosis | 1.45 (0.87–2.42) | .158 | 0.83 (0.46–1.49) | .532 | 0.90 (0.49–1.65) | .743 |
| Decompensated cirrhosis | 5.26 (3.51–7.89) | <.001 | 2.91 (1.70–5.00) | <.001 | 2.41 (1.34–4.32) | .003 |
| Presence of HCC | 4.91 (2.48–9.70) | <.001 | 3.31 (1.53–7.16) | .002 | 3.96 (1.74–8.98) | .001 |
| Comorbidities | ||||||
| Diabetes | 1.49 (1.04–2.13) | .028 | 1.59 (1.02–2.46) | .040 | 1.82 (1.15–2.89) | .011 |
| Hypertension | 1.55 (1.05–2.27) | .003 | 1.77 (1.11–2.81) | .016 | 1.69 (1.04–2.76) | .034 |
| Cardiovascular disease | 1.70 (1.14–2.53) | .010 | 1.10 (0.70–1.74) | .667 | 0.86 (0.53–1.42) | .564 |
| COPD | 2.01 (1.25–3.26) | .004 | 1.77 (1.03–3.05) | .040 | 2.29 (1.32–3.96) | .003 |
| Behavioral factors | ||||||
| Smoking status | ||||||
| No | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
| Past smoker | 2.18 (1.46–3.25) | <.001 | 1.30 (0.82–2.05) | .263 | 1.39 (0.86–2.26) | .179 |
| Current smoker | 2.67 (1.56–4.56) | <.001 | 2.48 (1.30–4.73) | .006 | 2.99 (1.56–5.72) | .001 |
| Alcohol consumption | ||||||
| Do not drink currently | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Social drinking | 0.35 (0.18–0.67) | .002 | 0.61 (0.31–1.22) | .160 | ||
| Current daily drinking | 1.63 (1.04–2.56) | .032 | 1.37 (0.77–2.46) | .287 | ||
NOTE. Multivariate model for all-cause mortality was adjusted for age, gender, race/ethnicity, etiology of chronic liver disease, cirrhosis, HCC, diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, COPD, smoking status, and alcohol consumption. Multivariate model for death due to COVID-19 was adjusted for age, gender, race/ethnicity, etiology of chronic liver disease, cirrhosis, HCC, diabetes, hypertension, obesity, cardiovascular disease, COPD, and smoking status. Boldface indicates statistical significance.
ALD, alcohol-related liver disease; CI, confidence interval; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019; HBV, hepatitis B virus infection; HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma; HCV, hepatitis C virus infection; HR, hazard ratio; NAFLD, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.