Table 4.
Univariate model for all-cause mortality |
Multivariate model for all-cause mortality (events = 57) |
Multivariate model for mortality due to COVID-19 (events = 45) |
||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
HR (95% CI) | P value | HR (95% CI) | P value | HR (95% CI) | P value | |
Demographic factors | ||||||
Age (per 10 year) | 1.20 (0.97–1.50) | .095 | ||||
Male | 0.77 (0.46–1.30) | .329 | ||||
Race/ethnicity | ||||||
Non-Hispanic white | 1 | |||||
Non-Hispanic black | 0.84 (0.46–1.58) | .609 | ||||
Hispanic | 0.66 (0.33–1.34) | .249 | ||||
Non-Hispanic Asian | — | — | ||||
Other | 1.43 (0.49–4.15) | .592 | ||||
Liver-related factors | ||||||
Etiology of liver disease | ||||||
HCV | 1 | |||||
ALD | 1.64 (0.85–3.14) | .138 | ||||
NAFLD | 1.08 (0.53–2.22) | .829 | ||||
HBV | — | — | ||||
Other | 1.22 (0.48–3.12) | .679 | ||||
Decompensated cirrhosis | 3.67 (2.11–6.37) | <.001 | 3.89 (2.18–6.95) | <.001 | 3.12 (1.68–5.79) | <.001 |
Presence of HCC | 3.26 (1.52–6.97) | .002 | 3.66 (1.67–8.01) | .001 | 3.61 (1.58–8.25) | .002 |
Comorbidities | ||||||
Diabetes | 0.96 (0.57–1.62) | .888 | ||||
Hypertension | 0.88 (0.53–1.49) | .652 | ||||
Cardiovascular disease | 1.15 (0.64–2.04) | .646 | ||||
COPD | 1.60 (0.76–3.38) | .217 | 3.12 (1.68–5.79) | <.001 | ||
Behavioral factors | ||||||
Smoking status | ||||||
No | 1 | |||||
Past smoker | 1.42 (0.79–2.58) | .244 | ||||
Current smoker | 2.16 (1.03–4.53) | .042 | ||||
Alcohol consumption | ||||||
Do not drink currently | 1 | |||||
Social drinking | 0.26 (0.04–1.91) | .187 | ||||
Current daily drinking | 2.44 (1.38–4.30) | .002 | 2.34 (1.27–4.30) | .006 |
NOTE. To identify candidate risk factors of mortality, we performed a stepwise backward logistic regression analysis (probability to enter = 0.05 and probability to remove = 0.1) using all variables in the univariate model. Boldface indicates statistical significance.
ALD, alcohol-related liver disease; CI, confidence interval; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019; HBV, hepatitis B virus infection; HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma; HCV, hepatitis C virus infection; HR, hazard ratio; NAFLD, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.