Table 5.
Univariate and Multivariate Analyses: Risk of Severe COVID-19 (Composite Endpoint) Among Patients With Chronic Liver Disease and COVID-19
| Univariate model for severe COVID-19 |
Multivariate model for severe COVID-19 |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | P value | OR (95% CI) | P value | |
| Demographic factors | ||||
| Age (per 10 year) | 1.46 (1.32–1.62) | <.001 | 1.43 (1.25–1.65) | <.001 |
| Male | 1.38 (1.05–1.83) | .022 | 1.28 (0.90–1.81) | .172 |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||
| Non-Hispanic white | 1 | 1 | ||
| Non-Hispanic black | 0.93 (0.66–1.32) | .685 | 0.83 (0.54–1.28) | .406 |
| Hispanic | 1.47 (1.01–2.14) | .045 | 2.33 (1.47–3.70) | <.001 |
| Non-Hispanic Asian | 1.42 (0.72–2.81) | 314 | 1.90 (0.85–4.27) | .124 |
| Other | 2.57 (1.14–5.83) | .024 | 3.40 (1.31–8.81) | .012 |
| Liver-related factors | ||||
| Etiology of liver disease | ||||
| HCV | 1 | 1 | ||
| ALD | 1.72 (0.94–3.15) | .077 | 2.08 (0.97–4.45) | .059 |
| NAFLD | 0.55 (0.39–0.80) | .001 | 0.68 (0.41–1.13) | .137 |
| HBV | 0.64 (0.35–1.15) | .139 | 0.99 (0.46–2.13) | .973 |
| Other | 0.72 (0.40–1.30) | .275 | 1.27 (0.60–2.70) | .536 |
| Presence of cirrhosis | ||||
| No | 1 | 1 | ||
| Compensated cirrhosis | 1.21 (0.82–1.79) | .338 | 0.70 (0.43–1.14) | .152 |
| Decompensated cirrhosis | 3.85 (2.13–6.95) | <.001 | 2.50 (1.20–5.21) | .015 |
| Presence of HCC | 3.70 (1.08–12.67) | .037 | 2.99 (0.62–14.36) | .171 |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| Diabetes | 1.81 (1.36–2.41) | <.001 | 1.51 (1.04–2.19) | .029 |
| Hypertension | 1.43 (1.08–1.89) | .012 | 1.16 (0.80–1.68) | .434 |
| Obesity | 0.76 (0.57–1.00) | .052 | 1.21 (0.84–1.76) | .302 |
| Cardiovascular disease | 2.51 (1.65–3.81) | <.001 | 1.85 (1.09–3.13) | .022 |
| COPD | 2.68 (1.49–4.80) | .001 | 2.26 (1.15–4.45) | .019 |
| Behavioral factors | ||||
| Smoking status | ||||
| No | 1 | 1 | ||
| Past smoker | 1.53 (1.11–2.10) | .009 | 0.96 (0.65–1.43) | .855 |
| Current smoker | 1.21 (0.76–1.90) | .419 | 1.00 (0.54–1.83) | .990 |
| Alcohol consumption | ||||
| Do not drink currently | 1 | 1 | ||
| Social drinking | 0.53 (0.37–0.75) | <.001 | 0.84 (0.55–1.26) | .390 |
| Current daily drinking | 1.09 (0.70–1.71) | .699 | 0.98 (0.53–1.83) | .953 |
NOTE. Multivariate model for all-cause mortality was adjusted for age, gender, race/ethnicity, etiology of chronic liver disease, cirrhosis, HCC, diabetes, hypertension, obesity, cardiovascular disease, COPD, smoking status, and alcohol consumption. Boldface indicates statistical significance.
ALD, alcohol-related liver disease; CI, confidence interval; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019; HBV, hepatitis B virus infection; HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma; HCV, hepatitis C virus infection; NAFLD, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease; OR, odds ratio.