Table 2. Results of the cognitive tests that were significantly different between patients with Parkinson’s disease and healthy control participants.
| Patients | Controls | p | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| FAB1 | 14 | [12.0–15.0] | 17.5 | [16.3–18] | <0.001 |
| Lexical fluency | 2 | [2.0–3.0] | 3 | [3–3] | 0.045 |
| Motor series | 3 | [0.0–3.0] | 3 | [3–3] | 0.025 |
| Go/No-Go | 0.5 | [0.0–3.0] | 3 | [3–3] | 0.043 |
| MoCA-J2 | 23 | [21.8–24.0] | 25.5 | [23.3–27.5] | 0.029 |
| Language [fluency] | 0 | [0.0–1.0] | 1 | [1–1] | 0.044 |
| Abstraction | 1 | [0.0–1.0] | 2 | [1.3–2] | <0.001 |
| Delayed recall | 1.5 | [0.0–2.0] | 3 | [1.5–4.5] | 0.036 |
| CAT3 | |||||
| Tapping span (order) | 6 | [5.0–7.0] | 7 | [7–8] | 0.014 |
| VCT4 simple symbol time (s) | 56.5 | ± 15.3 | 39.8 | ± 8.1 | <0.001* |
| VCT simple symbol hit rate (%) | 99.7 | ± 0.7 | 100.0 | ± 0.0 | 0.042 |
| VCT complex symbol time (s) | 73.7 | ± 24.6 | 44.8 | ± 6.4 | <0.001* |
| VCT complex symbol hit rate (%) | 99.4 | ± 1.3 | 100.0 | ± 0.0 | 0.045 |
| VCT number time (s) | 105.8 | ± 22.7 | 77.9 | ± 12.8 | <0.001* |
| VCT character time (s) | 127.8 | ± 34.7 | 98.2 | ± 17.0 | 0.004 |
| ADT5 correct answer rate (%) | 95.7 | ± 5.6 | 99.2 | ± 1.0 | 0.018 |
| ADT hit rate (%) | 93.3 | ± 5.5 | 99.2 | ± 1.4 | <0.001* |
| PASAT6 | 27 | [20.0–41.0] | 57.5 | [54.5–59] | <0.001 |
| TMT7 | |||||
| TMT-A (s) | 48.2 | ± 17.9 | 36.5 | ± 11.7 | 0.047 |
| TMT-B (s) | 130.7 | ± 68.0 | 78.4 | ± 25.1 | 0.005 |
| VPTA8 | |||||
| Line bisection task score | 1 | [1.0–2.0] | 0 | [0–1] | 0.018 |
| Line bisection task time (s) | 4.7 | ± 3.7 | 2.3 | ± 1.6 | 0.024 |
| Albert’s test time (s) | 41.1 | ± 23.8 | 20.7 | ± 5.2 | 0.013 |
| Copying score | 0 | [0.0–1.3] | 0 | [0–0] | 0.025 |
| Copying time (s) | 111.5 | ± 58.8 | 57.7 | ± 28.4 | 0.003 |
| S-PA9 | |||||
| No association raw score 1st | 0 | [0.0–2.0] | 2 | [1–5] | 0.016 |
| No association raw score 2nd | 2 | [1.0–4.0] | 5.5 | [4.3–7.8] | 0.004 |
| No association raw score 3rd | 4 | [2.0–6.0] | 7.5 | [4.5–9] | 0.024 |
Data are given as average ± SD or as median [Q1–Q3].
*: Significant after Bonferroni correction. Abbreviations
1FAB: Frontal Assessment Battery
2MoCA-J: Japanese version of the Montreal cognitive assessment
3CAT: Clinical Assessment for Attention
4VCT: visual cancellation task
5ADT: auditory detection task
6PASAT: paced auditory serial addition task
7TMT: Trail Making Test
8VPTA: Visual Perception Test for Agnosia
9S-PA: standard verbal paired-associate learning test.