TABLE 1.
Demographic and Clinical Features of Patients Using Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation After Failure to Wean From Cardiopulmonary Bypass
| Variable | Total (n = 2,322) | Survivors (n = 1,039) | Nonsurvivors (n = 1,283) | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (d), median (IQR) | 26 (7–159) | 59 (9–234) | 15 (9–114) | < 0.001 |
| Age category, n (%) | ||||
| Neonates | 1,207 (52) | 446 (43) | 761 (59) | |
| Infants | 752 (32) | 379 (36) | 373 (29) | < 0.001 |
| Children | 363 (16) | 214 (21) | 149 (12) | |
| Weight (kg), median (IQR)a | 3.6 (3.0–5.7) | 4.0 (3.2–7.0) | 3.4 (2.9–4.7) | < 0.001 |
| Gender (male), n (%)b | 1,273 (55) | 565 (54) | 708 (55) | 0.184 |
| Race (White), n (%)c | 1,311 (58) | 619 (61) | 692 (55) | 0.005 |
| Comorbid conditions, n (%) | ||||
| Genetic syndrome | 215 (9) | 77 (7) | 138 (11) | 0.006 |
| Noncardiac congenital anomalies | 221 (9) | 81 (8) | 140 (11) | 0.011 |
| Prematuritye | 208 (9) | 48 (4) | 166 (13) | < 0.001 |
| Cardiac-associated disease | ||||
| Arrhythmia | 348 (15) | 148 (14) | 200 (16) | 0.367 |
| Heart failure | 516 (22) | 207 (20) | 309 (24) | 0.016 |
| Shock, cardiogenic | 142 (6) | 52 (5) | 90 (7) | 0.044 |
| Pulmonary hypertension | 103 (4) | 47 (4) | 56 (4) | 0.853 |
| Cardiomyopathy | 69 (3) | 32 (3) | 37 (3) | 0.782 |
| Other | 116 (5) | 49 (5) | 67 (5) | 0.578 |
| Respiratory disease | 449 (20) | 173 (17) | 276 (21) | 0.003 |
| Neurologic disease | 233 (10) | 78 (7) | 155 (12) | < 0.001 |
| Renal disease | 284 (12) | 59 (6) | 225 (17) | < 0.001 |
| Gastrointestinal disease | 139 (6) | 62 (6) | 77 (6) | 0.972 |
| Infectious disease | 175 (8) | 67 (6) | 108 (8) | 0.074 |
| Metabolic, endocrine, and electrolyte abnormalities | 111 (5) | 45 (4) | 66 (5) | 0.361 |
| Coagulation defects | 42 (2) | 8 (1) | 34 (3) | 0.001 |
| Hemorrhage | 112 (5) | 32 (3) | 80 (6) | < 0.001 |
| Immunologic or hematologic disease | 87 (4) | 29 (3) | 58 (4) | 0.029 |
| Other comorbidities | 221 (10) | 107 (10) | 114 (9) | 0.249 |
| Preoperative cardiac arrest, n (%)f | 238 (10) | 89 (8) | 149 (12) | 0.016 |
| Preoperative echocardiography, n (%) | 1,253 (54) | 592 (57) | 661 (51) | 0.009 |
| Preoperative cardiac catheterization, n (%) | 381 (17) | 174 (17) | 207 (16) | 0.692 |
| Main cardiac surgery procedure Risk Adjustment in Congenital Heart Surgery-1 score, n (%) | ||||
| 1 | 16 (1) | 7 (1) | 9 (1) | |
| 2 | 255 (11) | 141 (14) | 114 (9) | |
| 3 | 837 (36) | 433 (44) | 404 (33) | |
| 4 | 508 (22) | 193 (20) | 315 (25) | < 0.001 |
| 5 | 30 (1) | 8 (1) | 22 (2) | |
| 6 | 565 (24) | 196 (20) | 369 (30) | |
| Not assigned | 111 (5) | 61 (6) | 50 (4) | |
| Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, yr, n (%) | ||||
| 2000–2005 | 559 (24) | 241 (23) | 318 (25) | |
| 2006–2011 | 896 (39) | 400 (38) | 496 (39) | 0.583 |
| 2012–2016 | 867 (37) | 398 (38) | 469 (37) | |
| Surgery details | ||||
| Cardiopulmonary bypass time (min), median (IQR)d | 251 (174–351) | 238 (169–336) | 266 (180–365) | < 0.001 |
| Aortic cross clamp, n (%) | 1,979 (85) | 911 (88) | 1,068 (83) | 0.003 |
| Deep hypothermic cardiac arrest, n (%) | 974 (42) | 412 (40) | 562 (44) | 0.044 |
IQR = interquartile range.
Missing data, n (survivors, nonsurvivors):
a19 (11, 8); b20 (13, 7); c65 (30, 35); and
d230 (89, 141).
ePrematurity is defined as gestational age less than or equal to 36 wk.
fWithin 24 h prior to extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.