Table 3.
Propensity score matched characteristics for the association of the severe clinical outcomes of COVID-19 with mental illness among all patients who were tested positive for SARS-CoV-2
| No mental illness (n=1320) | Any mental illness (n=1320) | SMD* | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean age, years (SD) | 58·3 (16·6) | 57·8 (16·8) | 0·029 | |
| Gender | 0·015 | |||
| Men | 511 (38·7%) | 521 (39·5%) | .. | |
| Women | 809 (61·3%) | 799 (60·5%) | .. | |
| Region of residence | 0·008 | |||
| Rural | 612 (46·4%) | 607 (46·0%) | .. | |
| Urban | 708 (53·6%) | 713 (54·0%) | .. | |
| History of diabetes | 314 (23·8%) | 320 (24·2%) | 0·012 | |
| History of cardiovascular disease | 146 (11·1%) | 169 (12·8%) | 0·058 | |
| History of cerebrovascular disease | 132 (10·0%) | 162 (12·3%) | 0·077 | |
| History of COPD | 101 (7·7%) | 105 (8·0%) | 0·012 | |
| History of asthma | 196 (14·8%) | 185 (14·0%) | 0·026 | |
| History of hypertension | 492 (37·3%) | 517 (39·2%) | 0·043 | |
| History of chronic kidney disease | 60 (4·5%) | 73 (5·5%) | 0·048 | |
| Charlson comorbidity index | 0·025 | |||
| 0 | 603 (45·7%) | 549 (41·6%) | .. | |
| 1 | 208 (15·8%) | 235 (17·8%) | .. | |
| ≥2 | 509 (38·6%) | 536 (40·6%) | .. | |
| Severe clinical outcomes of COVID-19† | 109 (8·3%) | 128 (9·7%) | .. | |
| Minimally adjusted OR‡ | 1 (ref) | 1·28 (95% CI 1·01–1·65)§ | .. | |
| Fully adjusted OR§ | 1 (ref) | 1·27 (95% CI 1·01–1·66)§ | .. | |
| Death | 71 (5·4%) | 89 (6·7%) | .. | |
| Minimally adjusted OR‡ | 1 (ref) | 1·39 (95% CI 1·01–1·95)§ | .. | |
| Fully adjusted OR§ | 1 (ref) | 1·38 (95% CI 1·00–1·95)§ | .. | |
COPD=chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. SARS-CoV-2=severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. SMD=standardised mean difference. OR=odds ratio.
A SMD less than 0·1 indicates no major imbalance. All SMD values were less than 0·08 in the propensity score matched cohort.
Severe clinical outcomes of COVID-19 comprised admission to the intensive care unit, invasive ventilation, or death.
Minimally adjusted for age and gender.
Fully adjusted for age; gender; region of residence; history of diabetes, cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, hypertension, or chronic kidney disease; and Charlson comorbidity index. § Significant difference (p<0·05).