Table 3.
Bivariable multinomial logistic regression analyses of baseline demographic characteristics, drug use behaviours, and structural-social exposures associated with different trajectory classes among 2057 people who use injection drugs, the Vancouver Injection Drug Users Study and AIDS Care Cohort to Evaluate Exposure to Survival Services, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, 1996-2017.
| Odds Ratio (95% Confidence Interval), early cessation as the reference group |
||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristics | Persistent injection |
P | Persistent injection with late cessation |
P | Gradual cessation |
P | Early cessation with late relapse |
P |
| Sociodemographic factors | ||||||||
| Younger age, per year | 1.02 (1.00, 1.03) | 0.019 | 1.00 (0.99, 1.02) | 0.640 | 1.00 (0.99, 1.02) | 0.577 | 1.00 (0.99, 1.02) | 0.563 |
| Male | 0.85 (0.63, 1.14) | 0.271 | 1.29 (0.94, 1.79) | 0.119 | 1.15 (0.86, 1.53) | 0.346 | 1.07 (0.74, 1.53) | 0.725 |
| White ethnicity | 1.08 (0.81, 1.45) | 0.595 | 1.07 (0.78, 1.46) | 0.675 | 1.16 (0.87, 1.53) | 0.309 | 1.53 (1.07, 2.19) | 0.020 |
| High school completion or higher | 0.79 (0.57, 1.09) | 0.146 | 0.65 (0.46, 0.91) | 0.011 | 0.63 (0.46, 0.85) | 0.003 | 1.25 (0.83, 1.89) | 0.284 |
| Not being in a stable relationship a | 1.56 (1.14, 2.15) | 0.006 | 1.59 (1.13, 2.24) | 0.007 | 1.43 (1.06, 1.93) | 0.019 | 1.12 (0.77, 1.63) | 0.542 |
| Employment status (regular/temporary job; self-employed) a | 0.92 (0.63, 1.33) | 0.643 | 1.05 (0.71, 1.56) | 0.799 | 1.22 (0.86, 1.73) | 0.274 | 1.12 (0.72, 1.74) | 0.608 |
| Unstable housing | 1.12 (0.82, 1.54) | 0.477 | 1.35 (0.96, 1.91) | 0.086 | 1.09 (0.81, 1.48) | 0.576 | 0.83 (0.58, 1.21) | 0.333 |
| Substance use a | ||||||||
| Daily heroin injection | 1.46 (1.09, 1.97) | 0.013 | 0.95 (0.69, 1.31) | 0.741 | 1.31 (0.98, 1.74) | 0.067 | 1.06 (0.74, 1.53) | 0.747 |
| Daily stimulant injection | 1.42 (1.03, 1.94) | 0.030 | 0.88 (0.63, 1.25) | 0.481 | 1.32 (0.97, 1.78) | 0.075 | 1.58 (1.09, 2.28) | 0.016 |
| Daily speedball injection | 1.56 (1.00, 2.42) | 0.051 | 0.80 (0.48, 1.34) | 0.402 | 1.14 (0.73, 1.77) | 0.569 | 1.07 (0.62, 1.86) | 0.815 |
| Daily prescription opioid injection | 0.67 (0.29, 1.58) | 0.361 | 1.57 (0.72, 3.40) | 0.258 | 1.27 (0.61, 2.64) | 0.524 | 0.88 (0.33, 2.35) | 0.800 |
| Daily non-injection crack cocaine use | 1.00 (0.70, 1.41) | 0.985 | 1.66 (1.16, 2.37) | 0.005 | 1.20 (0.86, 1.67) | 0.275 | 0.70 (0.45, 1.10) | 0.120 |
| Daily cannabis use | 0.93 (0.64, 1.34) | 0.695 | 1.25 (0.86, 1.83) | 0.246 | 0.84 (0.59, 1.20) | 0.337 | 1.02 (0.66, 1.58) | 0.930 |
| Daily alcohol use | 0.84 (0.58, 1.21) | 0.338 | 0.65 (0.43, 0.98) | 0.039 | 0.88 (0.62, 1.24) | 0.450 | 1.02 (0.66, 1.56) | 0.947 |
| Binge injection drug use | 1.59 (1.18, 2.15) | 0.003 | 1.07 (0.77, 1.48) | 0.689 | 1.62 (1.21, 2.16) | 0.001 | 1.37 (0.96, 1.97) | 0.085 |
| Years since injection drug use | 0.99 (0.98, 1.01) | 0.236 | 1.01 (0.99, 1.02) | 0.523 | 1.00 (0.99, 1.02) | 0.802 | 1.00 (0.99, 1.02) | 0.893 |
| Treatment experience a | ||||||||
| Opioid agonist therapy | 0.95 (0.68, 1.34) | 0.785 | 1.36 (0.96, 1.94) | 0.084 | 1.12 (0.81, 1.55) | 0.496 | 1.00 (0.67, 1.51) | 0.997 |
| Any other addiction treatment or services | 0.72 (0.44, 1.17) | 0.181 | 0.95 (0.58, 1.56) | 0.850 | 0.74 (0.47, 1.16) | 0.187 | 0.81 (0.45, 1.45) | 0.474 |
| Unable to access addiction treatment | 0.81 (0.55, 1.20) | 0.288 | 0.68 (0.44, 1.05) | 0.081 | 0.76 (0.52, 1.11) | 0.159 | 0.98 (0.62, 1.55) | 0.929 |
| Behavioural risk factors a | ||||||||
| Attacked, assaulted, or suffered violence | 0.88 (0.51, 1.52) | 0.645 | 1.04 (0.62, 1.76) | 0.886 | 0.80 (0.48, 1.32) | 0.377 | 0.77 (0.37, 1.61) | 0.485 |
| Drug dealing | 1.17 (0.74, 1.86) | 0.503 | 2.11 (1.34, 3.33) | 0.001 | 1.86 (1.21, 2.85) | 0.005 | 0.65 (0.35, 1.22) | 0.182 |
| Sex work involvement | 1.26 (0.90, 1.76) | 0.173 | 0.79 (0.55, 1.15) | 0.219 | 1.06 (0.77, 1.47) | 0.707 | 0.92 (0.61, 1.38) | 0.675 |
| Incarceration | 1.23 (0.80, 1.88) | 0.342 | 1.10 (0.70, 1.74) | 0.681 | 1.14 (0.76, 1.72) | 0.529 | 0.94 (0.55, 1.60) | 0.824 |
| Non-fatal overdose | 1.60 (1.01, 2.51) | 0.044 | 1.51 (0.93, 2.43) | 0.095 | 1.30 (0.83, 2.03) | 0.254 | 1.26 (0.73, 2.18) | 0.415 |
| Other factors | ||||||||
| Ever been diagnosed with a mental health issue | 1.08 (0.80, 1.47) | 0.621 | 1.61 (1.17, 2.21) | 0.004 | 1.08 (0.81, 1.45) | 0.596 | 0.80 (0.55, 1.17) | 0.246 |
| Year of enrollment | 1.01 (0.98, 1.04) | 0.483 | 1.07 (1.04, 1.10) | <0.001 | 1.04 (1.02, 1.07) | <0.001 | 0.95 (0.92, 0.98) | 0.001 |
| Study cohort designation (ACCESS) | 0.83 (0.55, 1.27) | 0.394 | 2.02 (1.35, 3.00) | <0.001 | 1.56 (1.08, 2.27) | 0.019 | 0.58 (0.33, 1.01) | 0.053 |
a
Denotes behaviours and events in the previous six months, measured at baseline.