TABLE 1. Antimicrobial stewardship structure, process, and outcome elements: human resources, types of interventions, and outcome/process measures in Latin America and the Caribbean hospitals, 1985 – 2019.
Baseline measures-only n (%) |
Reported human resources n (%) |
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Reported outcomes |
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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|
|
Reported antimicrobial stewardship interventions |
Process measures |
Outcome measures |
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|
Educational n (%) |
Guidelines n (%) |
Persuasive n (%) |
Restrictive n (%) |
Information technologies n (%) |
Laboratory & diagnostic capacities n (%) |
Non-specifiedb n (%) |
Compliance with guidelines n (%) |
Other process measures n (%) |
Antimicrobial consumption n (%) |
Clinical outcomes n (%) |
Microbiological outcomes n (%) |
Economic outcomes n (%) |
Argentina (22) |
4 (2.7) |
15 (10.2) |
6 (4.1) |
7 (4.8) |
11 (7.5) |
8 (5.4) |
3 (2.0) |
1(0.7) |
2 (1.4) |
10 (6.8) |
6 (4.1) |
15 (10.2) |
5 (3.4) |
5 (3.4) |
4 (2.7) |
1 (0.7) |
1 (0.7) |
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|
|
Bolivia (2) |
2 (1.4) |
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|
Brazil (47) |
13 (8.8) |
28 (19.0) |
6 (4.1) |
10 (6.8) |
21 (14.3) |
13 (8.8) |
7 (4.8) |
3 (2.0) |
1 (0.7) |
18 (12.2) |
15 (10.2) |
22 (15.0) |
12 (8.2) |
15 (10.2) |
8 (5.4) |
Chile (11) |
6 (4.1) |
9 (6.1) |
3 (2.0) |
2 (1.4) |
3 (2.0) |
4 (2.7) |
|
1 (0.7) |
1 (0.7) |
3 (2.0) |
2 (1.4) |
5 (3.4) |
2 (1.4) |
4 2.7) |
3 (2.0) |
Colombia (17) |
4 (2.7) |
7 (4.8) |
2 (1.4) |
5 (3.4) |
3 (2.0) |
6 (4.1) |
4 (2.7) |
|
1 (0.7) |
8 (5.4) |
5 (3.4) |
10 (6.8) |
4 (2.7) |
8 (5.4) |
4 (2.7) |
Costa Rica (4) |
2 (1.4) |
|
|
|
1 (0.7) |
1 (0.7) |
1(0.7) |
|
|
2 (1.4) |
1 (0.7) |
1 (0.7) |
|
|
|
Cuba (16) |
6 (4.1) |
11 (7.5) |
6 (4.1) |
8 (5.4) |
6 (4.1) |
2 (1.4) |
2 (1.4) |
1 (0.7) |
|
6 (4.1) |
|
9 (6.1) |
1 (0.7) |
4 (2.7) |
2 (1.4) |
Guatemala (2) |
1 (0.7) |
1 (0.7) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 (0.7) |
|
|
1 (0.7) |
|
1 (0.7) |
1 (0.7) |
Guyana (1) |
1 (0.7) |
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|
|
|
Honduras (2) |
2 (1.4) |
1 (0.7) |
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|
Jamaica (1) |
1 (0.7) |
1 (0.7) |
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|
Mexico (13) |
3 (2.0) |
7 (4.8) |
2 (1.4) |
3 (2.0) |
1 (0.7) |
4 (2.7) |
4 (2.7) |
|
3 (2.0) |
5 (3.4) |
3 (2.0) |
6 (4.1) |
4 (2.7) |
7 (4.8) |
3 (2.0) |
Peru (1) |
1 (0.7) |
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|
Dominican Republic (1) |
1 (0.7) |
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Trinidad & Tobago (3) |
3 (2.0) |
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|
Uruguay (3) |
1 (0.7) |
|
1 (0.7) |
1 (0.7) |
|
1 (0.7) |
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|
|
|
|
2 (1.4) |
|
1 (0.7) |
|
Total |
52 (35.4) |
81 (55.1) |
26( 17.7) |
36 (24.5) |
46 (31.3) |
39 (26.5) |
21 (14.3) |
6 (4.1) |
9 (6.1) |
52 (35.4) |
32 (21.8) |
71 (48.3) |
28 (19.0) |
45 (30.6) |
25 (17.0) |
Total percentages are computed based on column counts. Rows reflect partial percentages.
Programs and policies without explicit interventions.
These countries belong to the same publication.