Table 3.
In vitro/in vivo activity of cranberries against UTI causing bacteria
| Study design | Dose | Microorganism | Result | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| In vitro antiadhesion activity of cranberry (PAC) | 10-50 μg/ml | UPEC | PAC derived from cranberry and blueberry was effective. | [70] |
| In vitro antiadhesion activity of cranberry (PAC) | 60 μg/ml | UPEC | A-linked PAC were more effective than B-linked. | [71] |
| Antiadhesion activity of cranberry vs raisins | 42.5 g | UPEC | 25-50% of reduction in adherence in cranberry gr. None in control or raisin gr. | [72] |
| In vitro antiadhesion activity of cranberry juice | 27% cranberry juice (250 or 750 ml) | E. coli | 45% and 62% decrease in bacterial adhesion to human epithelial cell line in bacteria growing in urine of volunteers administered with 250 and 750 ml of cranberry juice, respectively. | [73] |
| Anti-adhesion activity and prevention of oxidative stress of dried cranberry juice in young women | Dried cranberry juice (400 mg or 1200 mg per day) for 56 days | UPEC | Inhibition of adherence in UPEC with no urine acidity observed in volunteers consuming 1200 mg/day. No effect observed at 400 mg/day. | [74] |
| Anti-adhesion activity of cranberry PAC against bladder and vaginal epithelial cells | 5 to 75 μg/ml of PAC isolated from cranberry powder or extract | E. coli | 50 μg/ml of PAC reduced the mean adherence of E. coli IA2 to vaginal epithelial cells from 18.6 to 1.8 and bladder epithelial cell from 6.9 to 1.6 bacteria per cell | [75] |
| In vitro and in vivo antibacterial and anti-adhesion activity of urine, after cranberry consumption in volunteers | 36 (1 capsule) or 108 mg (3 capsules) of cranberry or placebo per day | E. coli | Better anti-adherence to bladder cell and virulence reduction in E. coli infecting worms when bacteria cultured in urine of volunteer administered with three capsules (108 mg/day) then single capsule (36 mg/day). | [76] |
| Anti-adhesion activity of cranberry juice | Juice or PAC of 0, 64, 128 and 345.8 mg/ml | E. coli | E. coli grown in the presence of PAC repressed adhesion from 50.2 to 7.9 bacteria/cell by altering its surface properties and the effect was reversible. | [77] |
| Antimicrobial activity of urine after cranberry consumption in volunteers | 275 mg of dry, whole cranberries or 25 mg of concentrated, dry cranberries | E. coli, K. pneumonia and C. albicans | ≥ 50% reduction in bacterial number when grown in urine of volunteers after cranberry consumption was found to be 35% (E. coli), 65% (K. pneumoniae), and 45% (C. albicans). | [78] |
| Bacterial anti-adhesion activity of urine collected from cranberry powder administered volunteers | Cranberry capsule of 0, 18, 36, or 72 mg of PAC equivalents per day | E. coli | Dose-dependent decrease in adhesion to bladder cell and reduction in virulence of UPEC in C. elegans model | [79] |
| In vitro anti-adhesion assay in T24 cell line and in vivo virulence assay in C. elegans model | PAC (6-120 mg) plus propolis (170-340 mg) powder | E. coli | Synergistic activity of propolis and proanthocyanidins | [80] |
| In vitro activity of PAC | 4–1024 mg/L | C. albicans | Reduction in biofilm formation due to anti-adherence properties and/or iron chelation at a dose of ≥ 16 mg/L PAC | [81] |
| In vitro activity of A2-linked PAC | 15-100 μg/mL | UPEC, P. mirabilis | Up to 75% reduction of UPEC and P. mirabilis adhesion to HT1376 cell line vs. control. Also drop in motility and urease activity in P. mirabilis. | [82] |
| In vitro and in vivo activity of PAC | 100 μg/mL | P. aeruginosa | Cranberry PACs significantly disrupted the biofilm formation | [83] |
| In vitro activity of oligosaccharides | 0.625-10 mg/mL | E. coli | Reduced biofilm formation by over 50% in pathogenic form and over 60% in nonpathogenic E. coli | [84] |
| Antiadhesive activity of phenolic compounds and their metabolites derived from cranberry | 100–500 μM | UPEC | All the metabolites showed anti-adhesive activity but procyanidin A2, significantly reduced UPEC adherence to uroepithelium at 500 μM (51.3%). | [85] |
| Ex vivo and in vitro antiadhesive activity of PAC and PAC free extract | Standard cranberry extract with 1.24% PAC for ex vivo and 21% PAC for in vitro study | UPEC | 40-50% suppression of UPEC adhesion to human T24 bladder cells. PAC free extract did not influence biofilm and curli formation in UPEC. | [86] |
| In vivo activity of cranberry juice and its organic acids in mice | Cranberry juice/bioactive compounds taken for 7 days | UPEC | Reduction of bacterial number in the bladder of mice drinking fresh cranberry juice, organic acids or both. | [87] |