Table 4.

Clinical trials of cranberry products for UTI prevention in different populations

Experimental design	Dose	N	Result	Reference
Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial	Cranberry juice of 300 ml/day or placebo	153 elderly women	UTI incidence 15% in cranberry group and 28.1% in placebo group (difference is non-significant)	[89]
Randomized, single-blind cross over study	15 ml juice/kg or water placebo	21 patients with neuropathic bladder	9 patients taking cranberry juice and 9 patients taking water showed lowered infection, rest 3 were indifferent.	[90]
Randomized, double-blind, crossover trial	Cranberry capsules of 400 mg	19 female having recurrent UTIs	UTI incidences were 2.4/subject/year in cranberry group and 6.0/subject/year in placebo, 47.4% of withdrawal rate.	[91]
Double-blind placebo controlled with crossover	60 ml/day of cranberry juice or placebo	15 children under intermittent catheterization	Differences between groups are nonsignificant for bacteriuria or UTI.	[92]
Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled	50 ml of cranberry-lingonberry juice (7.5 g), Lactobacillus GG 100 ml/day or placebo	150 young women with previous UTI	Recurrence rate of UTI reduced in cranberry group, 20% less UTI in cranberry group.	[93]
Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled	Cranberry juice 250 ml or its tablets	150 women with recurrent UTIs	Incidence of UTI—30% in juice, 39% in tablets group and 72% in placebo	[94]
Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled	Cranberry capsules of 8 g or placebo	135 patients with complicated UTI (multiple sclerosis generated neurogenic bladder)	34.6% UTI in cranberry group and 32.4% on placebo, no significant difference between the groups and also under intermittent catheterization.	[95]
Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled	Cranberry capsules of 1 g or placebo	74 patients with neurogenic bladder induced by spinal cord injury	Insignificant differences in bacteriuria, pyuria, or symptomatic UTIs between the groups, 35% withdrawal rate	[96]
Double-blind, placebo controlled with crossover	400 mg of cranberry tablets for 4 weeks or placebo	37 patients with neurogenic bladder due to spinal cord injury	43% of withdrawal rate and no difference were observed between the cranberry and the placebo group.	[97]
Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled	25% of cranberry juice (150 ml) and placebo	376 in door old patients (> 60 years)	3.7% of UTI incidences in cranberry group of 7.4% with placebo 31% withdrawal rate	[98]
Double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled	1st group—methenamine hippurate (MH), 2nd—cranberry (800 mg), 3rd—cranberry + MH, and 4th—placebo	305 patients with spinal cord injury resulted neurogenic bladder	No differences for symptomatic UTI groups to placebo	[99]
Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial	Group A—240 mg of 27% cranberry juice 3 times/day or group B—240 mg daily once or group C—placebo	188 pregnant women of 16 weeks gestation	No significant differences in UTI occurrence between the groups. Withdrawal rate of 38.8% (A, 50.7%, B, 39.7%, C, 55.5%)	[100]
Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial	Cranberry extract tablet for 6 months	47 spinal cord injured patients	0.3 UTI per year in cranberry group vs 1.0 UTI per year in placebo.	[101]
Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial	cranberry extract (500 mg) or trimethoprim (100 mg)	137 women with recurrent UTIs—age 45 years	25 UTIs in cranberry group and14 in trimethoprim group	[102]
Randomized controlled trial	Cranberry-lingonberry juice 50 ml/day, Lactobacillus GG 100 ml, 5 days/month or placebo	84 girls with recurrent UTIs	UTIs incidence 18.5% in 1st group, 42.3% in 2nd, and 48.1% in placebo	[103]
Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial	27% cranberry juice (8 oz.)	319 young women with UTI history	UTI recurrence rates—19.3% for cranberry group and 14.6% for placebo	[104]
Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial	Cranberry juice	263 children cranberry (n = 129), placebo (n = 134)	0.1% UTI episodes lower in cranberry gr.	[105]
Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial	200 mg of cranberry	370 prostate cancer patients	8.7% UTI in cranberry group, 24.2% in placebo (36% reduction in UTI)	[106]
Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial	Cranberry juice 4, 8 oz/daily, or placebo	176 patients (120 to cranberry juice and 56 to placebo)	0.29 UTI in cranberry juice group and 0.37 in the placebo group. P-fimbriated UPEC isolation was 43.5% (10 of 23) in cranberry juice group, 80.0% (8 of 10) in placebo group during the study period	[107]
Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial	3 capsules of PAC daily for 30 days (108 mg, 72 mg, 36 mg)	80 women	Dose-dependent reduction in bacteriuria and pyuria	[108]
Modified observational study	Sweetened dried cranberry (SDC) of one serving daily for 14 days	20 women with recurrent UTIs	Mean UTI rate per six months decreased significantly, no UTI observed in > 50% of the patients up to 6 months of SDC consumption	[109]
Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled multicenter trial	Capsules of cranberry and placebo were taken twice daily for 1 year	928 women of high and low risk group	Incidence of UTI reduced in cranberry than placebo group (62.8 vs 84.8 per 100 person-years in UTI high risk group). No difference observed in low UTI risk group	[110]
Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial	Two cranberry juice capsules twice daily for 6 weeks or placebo	160 women undergoing gynecological surgery involving urinary catheterization (80 + 80)	19% UTI incidence in cranberry group compared to 38% in placebo group	[111, 112]
Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial	500 mg of whole cranberry fruit powder for 6 months or placebo	Cranberry (n = 89) or a placebo group (n = 93)	UTI occurrence significantly lowered 10.8% vs 25.8% in cranberry and placebo group, respectively	[113]
Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial	240 ml of cranberry juice per day for 24 weeks or placebo	Cranberry (n = 185) or a placebo (n = 188)	UTI occurrence significantly lowered 21% vs 36% in cranberry and placebo group, respectively	[114]