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. 2020 Sep 17;10:15267. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-72159-4

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Representation of the workflow of the phage display technologies used in this work compared to conventional techniques. In studies aiming to develop antibodies and find new biomarkers, some standard steps must be followed to characterize either the generated antibodies or the discovered antigen. These steps can be achieved with conventional techniques (left workflow), such as hybridoma technology, IMS, MS, and peptide membranes or arrays, which have been successfully applied. In this study, the conventional techniques could be replaced by one of the corresponding phage display methods, which are free of animal use, according to the desired purpose (right workflow). In addition, IMS-MS was used in parallel to validate the results from ORFeome phage display (gray arrow).