Table 1.
Baseline comparison of completers and non-completers.
| Completers (C+) | Non-completers (C–) | U | Between-group significance, p | Effect size, r | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | 23 | 9 | ||||
| Sociodemographic and clinical data | ||||||
| Sex | Males | 19 | 6 | 75.500 | 0.176 | |
| Females | 4 | 3 | ||||
| Years of age | 55.83 ± 6.09 | 62.00 ± 9.77 | 72.500 | 0.200 | ||
| Level of education | No formal education | 1 | 1 | 75.500 | 0.134 | |
| Min. 9 years of education | 4 | 3 | ||||
| Min. 12 years of education | 5 | 2 | ||||
| 12–16 years of education | 4 | 0 | ||||
| More than 16 years of education | 5 | 3 | ||||
| Marital status | Single | 2 | 0 | 99.000 | 0.877 | |
| Relationship | 3 | 0 | ||||
| Married | 14 | 9 | ||||
| Divorced | 4 | 0 | ||||
| Handedness (EHI) | Right | 21 | 8 | 101.000 | 1.000 | |
| Left | 2 | 1 | ||||
| Bilateral | 0 | 0 | ||||
| Years since PD diagnosis | 7.61 ± 4.73 | 11.23 ± 9.83 | 87.500 | 0.515 | ||
| DBS | No | 7 | 2 | 99.500 | 1.000 | |
| Yes | 17 | 7 | ||||
| Years since DBS surgery | 2.24 ± 2.95 | 0.63 ± 1.48 | 28.000 | 0.041* | 0.42 | |
| Freezing of gait (FOGQ) | 0.00 (R = 21; n = 11/23) | 14.00 (R = 18; n = 4/9) | 60.000 | 0.324 | ||
| Physical activity level (IPAQ) | Low | 5 | 5 | 39.500 | 0.19* | 0.44 |
| Moderate | 8 | 3 | ||||
| High | 9 | 0 | ||||
| Cognition | ||||||
| Global cognition (MoCA)a | 25 (R = 10) | 25 (R = 16) | 87.000 | 0.611 | ||
| Attention (TAP) | Alertness (reaction time in ms)b | 281 (R = 822) | 300 (R = 261) | 74.500 | 0.233 | |
| Divided attention (omissions)b | 2 (R = 7) | 4 (R = 14) | 70.000 | 0.161 | ||
| Executive functions (TAP) | Flexibility (reaction time in ms)b | 934 (R = 2,458) | 1,356 (R = 0) | 64.000 | 0.368 | |
| Flexibility (errors)b | 2 (R = 16) | 4 (R = 31) | 71.500 | 0.364 | ||
| Inhibition (reaction time in ms)b | 455 (R = 455) | 493 (R = 299) | 76.500 | 0.268 | ||
| Inhibition (errors)b | 1 (R = 10) | 1 (R = 14) | 93.500 | 0.678 | ||
| Working memory (WMSR) | Digit span reversea | 6 (R = 7) | 5 (R = 5) | 67.000 | 0.517 | |
| Block span reversea | 7 (R = 8) | 4 (R = 5) | 41.000 | 0.053t | 0.34 | |
| Memory (WMSR) | Digit span forwarda | 6 (R = 8) | 6 (R = 5) | 63.000 | 0.400 | |
| Block span forwarda | 8 (R = 9) | 6 (R = 3) | 19.500 | 0.001* | 0.56 | |
| Visuocognition (TAP) | Visual scanning (reaction time in ms)b | 3,806 (R = 5,512) | 3,527 (R = 8,402) | 67.000 | 0.570 | |
| Visual scanning (errors)b | 8 (R = 26) | 2 (R = 8) | 43.000 | 0.066t | 0.34 | |
| Visuocognition (LPS 50+) | Mental rotationa | 11 (R = 25) | 10 (R = 14) | 90.500 | 0.598 | |
| Motor function | ||||||
| Motor impairment | Hoehn and Yahrb | 2.5 (R = 2.5) | 3 (R = 1.5) | 39.500 | 0.005* | 0.49 |
| UPDRS IIIb | 28 (R = 50) | 43 (R = 60) | 51.000 | 0.026t | 0.39 | |
| Patient-centered outcomes | ||||||
| Depressive mood (GDS)b | 1 (R = 9) | 4.5 (R = 8) | 41.000 | 0.018t | 0.42 | |
| Quality of life (PDQ-39)b | 31 (R = 76) | 62 (R = 64) | 40.500 | 0.050t | 0.36 | |
| Fatigue (PFS-16)b | 45 (R = 54) | 49 (R = 36) | 69.500 | 0.322 | ||
| ADL independence (FIM)a | 89 (R = 33) | 82.5 (R = 75) | 52.000 | 0.070t | 0.33 | |
Significant difference.
Higher scores indicate better performance.
Lower scores indicate better performance.
P-values are reported for all data, effect sizes only in case of a significant finding. For sociodemographic and clinical data, frequencies, as well as means and standard deviations, are reported. For cognitive, motor, and patient-centered outcomes, medians and ranges are reported. For sociodemographic data, p was set at p ≤ 0.05, whereas p ≤ 0.1 were considered as trends. Corrected p-values are reported for the cognitive data (p ≤ 0.004), the motor function data (p ≤ 0.025), and the patient-centered outcomes (p ≤ 0.013).
t, statistical trend; R, range; EHI, Edinburgh Handedness Scale; FOGQ, Freezing of Gait Questionnaire; IPAQ, International Physical Activity Questionnaire; MoCA, Montreal Cognitive Assessment; TAP, Test of Attentional Performance; WMSR, Wechsler Memory Scale revised; LPS50+, Leistungsprüfsystem; GDS, Geriatric Depression Scale; PDQ-39, 39-item Parkinson's disease questionnaire; PFS-16, 16-item Parkinson Fatigue Scale.