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. 2020 Sep 17;10:15245. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-72270-6

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Diagram of the study cohort. For the algorithm development, 13,560 images of thyroid nodules were collected from Severance Hospital (SH training set). For the internal test, 634 images of thyroid nodules were additionally obtained from Severance Hospital (SH test set). For the external test, 1,181 images of thyroid nodules were obtained from three different hospitals (Samsung Medical Center, SMC set; CHA Bundang Medical Center, CBMC set; Kyung Hee University Hospital, KUH set). For the four test sets, 200 images were selected and four readers retrospectively reviewed two sets of images to compare diagnostic performance between expert radiologists and CNN.