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. 2020 Sep 17;10:15428. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-71501-0

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Pathways through which modern armed conflicts can affect wildlife populations within war zones. Distinct pathways linking armed conflict to wildlife outcomes organized thematically in “tactical” pathways (which arise directly from the conflict itself and are associated with military tactics or supporting military activities) and “non- tactical” pathways (which stem from broad socio-political and economic changes associated with the armed conflict, including changing institutional dynamics, movement of people, and altered economies and livelihoods). Blue and red boxes represent either positive or negative effects, respectively.