TABLE 2.

Statistically significant differences in bacterial taxa between PD patients versus healthy controls^a

Phylum	Family	Genus	↓/↑b	MDc	PD (%)d	HC (%)d	P value	FDR- adjusted P valuee
Firmicutes	Thermoanaerobacterales Incertae sedis	Caldicellulosiruptor	↑	0.226	0.121	0.058	0.010	0.014
	Veillonellaceae	Veillonella	↑	0.599	1.994	0.277	0.000	0.000
	Clostridiaceae	Clostridium	↑	0.169	3.133	2.154	0.012	0.016
	Streptococcaceae		↑	0.526	1.737	0.155	0.000	0.000
		Streptococcus	↑	0.513	1.730	0.153	0.000	0.000
	Eubacteriaceae		↑	0.287	0.120	0.062	0.000	0.000
		Acetobacterium	↑	0.273	0.115	0.059	0.000	0.000
	Lachnospiraceae		↓	−0.253	8.000	12.460	0.001	0.002
		Anaerostipes	↑	−0.406	0.236	0.144	0.027	0.030
		Blautia	↓	−0.243	3.778	5.928	0.001	0.002
		Lachnospira	↓	−0.444	0.535	1.086	0.000	0.000
		Butyrivibrio	↓	−0.655	0.021	0.113	0.000	0.000
		Roseburia	↓	−0.668	1.066	1.777	0.000	0.000
		Pseudobutyrivibrio	↓	−0.562	0.160	0.444	0.000	0.000
		Coprococcus	↓	−0.409	0.522	0.954	0.003	0.005
Bacteroidetes			↓	−0.269	28.546	47.455	0.000	0.000
	Bacteroidaceae		↓	−0.297	17.454	29.910	0.000	0.000
		Bacteroides	↓	−0.297	17.454	30.383	0.000	0.000
	Odoribacteriaceae	Odoribacter	↓	−0.432	0.191	0.331	0.001	0.002
	Porphyromonadaceae	Parabacteroides	↓	−0.245	1.858	2.269	0.046	0.050
	Rikenellaceae		↑	1.460	0.112	0.000	0.000	0.000
	Sphingobacteriaceae		↓	−0.177	1.045	1.471	0.044	0.049
Proteobacteria			↑	0.177	10.548	6.542	0.020	0.023
	Desulfovibrionaceae	Desulfovibrio	↑	0.278	0.293	0.245	0.020	0.023
	Desulfohalobiaceae		↑	0.355	0.185	0.123	0.002	0.003
		Desulfonauticus	↑	0.304	0.184	0.122	0.002	0.003
	Sutterellaceae	Sutterella	↓	−0.643	0.258	0.819	0.000	0.000
	Alcaligenaceae		↓	−0.642	0.270	0.837	0.000	0.000
	Comamonadaceae		↓	−0.440	0.045	0.127	0.001	0.002
	Enterobacteriaceae	Enterobacter	↑	0.559	0.404	0.173	0.001	0.002
		Escherichia	↑	1.003	3.737	0.259	0.000	0.000
		Serratia	↑	1.011	0.672	0.050	0.000	0.000
		Klebsiella	↓	−0.723	0.668	0.961	0.000	0.000
		“Candidatus Blochmannia”	↓	−1.673	0.042	1.392	0.000	0.000
Actinobacteria			↑	0.313	5.524	2.263	0.002	0.003
	Bifidobacteriaceae		↑	0.362	4.191	1.289	0.014	0.018
		Bifidobacterium	↑	0.356	4.173	1.288	0.016	0.020
	Coriobacteriaceae		↑	0.240	0.944	0.562	0.012	0.016
		Slackia	↑	0.309	0.309	0.158	0.001	0.002
	Microbacteriaceae		↑	0.441	0.677	0.333	0.000	0.000
	Brevibacteriaceae		↓	0.288	0.072	0.121	0.000	0.000
		Brevibacterium	↓	−0.288	0.072	0.120	0.000	0.000
Verrucomicrobia			↑	0.614	5.429	1.020	0.002	0.003
	Verrucomicrobiaceae		↑	0.629	5.396	1.009	0.006	0.008
		Akkermansia	↑	0.464	4.669	0.879	0.015	0.019
		Prosthecobacter	↑	0.511	0.133	0.022	0.000	0.000
Cyanobacteria			↓	−0.156	0.509	0.730	0.000	0.000
	Aphanizomenonaceae	Dolichospermum	↓	−1.152	0.009	0.391	0.000	0.000

^aThe results were obtained by Mann-Whitney U test performed on Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 25.0, followed by the Benjamini and Hochberg false discovery rate (FDR) correction test for multiple comparisons.

^b↓, Significantly reduced in PD patients; ↑, significantly increased in PD patients.

^cMD, mean difference between the logarithmic value of relative abundance in the PD and HC groups.

^dAverage relative abundance (as a percentage) of each taxon in the PD and HC groups.

^eFDR-corrected P values with FDR < 0.05.