TABLE 2.

Therapeutic targeting of Ca²⁺-channels and pumps in cardiac hypertrophy, HF and cardiac arrhythmia.

Target	Pre-clinical	FDA approved	Clinical trial identifier	Status	Results
NCX	Neucardin		NCT01251406	C	None posted
			NCT01541202	T	N/A
			NCT03388593	R	N/A
	JK07		NCT04210375	NYR	N/A
	KB-R7943		Pre-clinical	N/A	N/A
	SEA-0400		Pre-clinical	N/A	N/A
	SN-6		Pre-clinical	N/A	N/A
	ORM-10962		Pre-clinical	N/A	N/A
PMCA4	ATA		Pre-clinical	N/A	N/A
	Caloxin 1B1		Pre-clinical	N/A	N/A
PMCA1	Caloxin 1B3		Pre-clinical	N/A	N/A
RyR2		Dantrolene	jRCTs61180059	R	N/A
		Phenytoin	Pre-clinical for HF	N/A	N/A
	JTV519		NCT00626652	C	None posted
	S107		Pre-clinical	N/A	N/A
		Flecainide	NCT01117454	C	Used with β-blockers, no safety concerns (Kannankeril et al., 2017)
SERCA2a	Istaroxime		NCT02617446	U	N/A
			NCT02477449	U	N/A
	AAV1.SERCA2a		NCT00534703	T	Only 5 participants, trial terminated early
			NCT00454818	C	No safety concerns in 3-year follow-up (Zsebo et al., 2014)
	N106		Pre-clinical	N/A	N/A
	Ad.SERCA2a		Pre-clinical	N/A	N/A
TRPC3	Pyr3		Pre-clinical	N/A	N/A
TRPC3/C6	GSK2332255B GSK2833503A		Pre-clinical	N/A	N/A
TRPV4	GSK2798745		NCT02497937	C	1 (/11) incident of a serious adverse event in treatment group
			NCT02119260	C	Safe, well-tolerated (Goyal et al., 2019)
	HC-067047		Pre-clinical	N/A	N/A
TRPM4	9-phenanthrol		Pre-clinical	N/A	N/A
TTCC		Mibefradil*			Initially safe (Bursztyn et al., 1997; Kobrin et al., 1997) but later withdrawn due to interference with metabolism of other medicines
MCU	Ruthenium red		Pre-clinical	N/A	N/A
	Ru360		Pre-clinical	N/A	N/A

Each therapy listed in Figure 4 is listed as having either pre-clinical or FDA-approved status. Any clinical trial information available, either through publication or as results published, is also presented. Clinical trials accessed through clinicaltrials.gov have an NCT number whereas those obtained through the Japan Registry of Clinical Trials are denoted by a jRCTs number. * Mibefradil was withdrawn from the market following FDA approval. C, completed; N/A, not applicable; NYR, not yet recruiting; R, recruiting; T, terminated; U, unknown.