Table 1.
Clinical characteristics and outcomes of the study population (n = 187)
| Characteristic | Study cohort | ICNARC comparator as of May 22, 2020 (n = 9026) |
|---|---|---|
| Age (years), median (IQR) | 57 (49–64) | 60 (51–67) |
| Sex, n (%) | ||
| Male | 124 (66.3) | 6403 (71.0) |
| Female | 63 (33.7) | 2619 (29.0) |
| Time period between symptom onset and hospital admission (days), median (IQR) | 7 (5–9) | – |
| APACHE II score | ||
| Mean (SD) | 13.8 (6.3) | 14.7 (5.3) |
| Median (IQR) | 13 (10–13) | 14 (11–18) |
| PaO2/FiO2 ratio (mmHg), median (IQR) | 135 (103–182) | 118.5 (84.7–165) |
| PaO2/FiO2 ratio, n (%) | ||
| < 100 mmHg (< 13.3 kPa) | 45 (24.0) | 2982 (36.8) |
| 100–200 mmHg (13.3–26.6 kPa) | 105 (56.1) | 3961 (48.9) |
| ≥ 200 mmHg (≥ 26.7 kPa) | 37 (19.8) | 1161 (14.3) |
| Body mass index (kg m−2) | 28 (25–32) | – |
| Categories, n (%) | ||
| < 18.5 | 2 (1.1) | 56 (0.7) |
| 18.5 < 25 | 50 (26.7) | 2118 (25.4) |
| 25< 30 | 65 (34.7) | 2932 (35.1) |
| 30 < 40 | 53 (28.3) | 2595 (31.1) |
| 40+ | 14 (7.4) | 643 (7.7) |
| Ethnicity, n (%) | ||
| White | 141 (76.6) | 5468 (66.8) |
| Asian | 19 (10.3) | 1245 (15.2) |
| Black | 16 (8.7) | 797 (9.7) |
| Other | 8 (4.3) | 537 (6.6) |
| Co-morbidities, n (%) | ||
| Hypertension | 71 (43.1) | – |
| Diabetes | 54 (30.2) | – |
| Ischaemic heart disease | 16 (8.4) | – |
| Previous stroke | 5 (3.6) | – |
| COPD or asthma | 38 (24.2) | – |
| Previous PE/DVT | 7 (5.5) | – |
| Malignancy | 15 (6.4) | – |
| Chronic kidney disease | 12 (8.2) | – |
| None | 61 (32.6) | – |
| Clinical Frailty Scale, n (%) | ||
| 1–2 | 142 (77) | – |
| 3–4 | 36 (19) | – |
| 5+ | 7 (4) | – |
| Advanced cardiovascular support, n (%) | 47 (25.1) | 2119 (28.8) |
| Advanced renal support, n (%) | 80 (42.8) | 1848 (25.2) |
| Respiratory support, n (%) | ||
| Non-invasive ventilation | 42 (22.5) | |
| Invasive ventilation | 167 (89.3) | 5330 (72.5) |
| Prone position | 101 (54.0) | – |
| ECMO | 5 (2.7) | – |
| No. of patients with thrombotic complications, n (%) | 81 (43.3) | – |
| Pulmonary embolism | 42 (22.5) | – |
| Deep vein thrombosis | 22 (11.8) | – |
| Arterial complications | – | |
| Arterial ischaemia (peripheral or intestinal) | 12 (6.4) | – |
| Cerebrovascular accident | 8 (4.3) | – |
| Myocardial infarction | 5 (2.7) | – |
| Extracorporeal circuit disruption | 23 (12.3) | – |
| ICU outcomes, as of May 15, 2020, n (%) | ||
| Died in ICU | 59 (31.6) | 3302 (44.3) |
| Still alive in ICU | 33 (17.6) | – |
| Discharged from ICU | 95 (50.8) | 4145 (55.7) |
APACHE Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation, COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, DVT deep vein thrombosis, ECMO extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, ICU intensive care unit, PE pulmonary embolism