Table 1.

Impact of Pharmacist-Led Interventions on COPD and Other Patient Outcomes

Study (Year Published) and Objective	Sample Size	Impact of Pharmacist Intervention	Assessment
Gillespie et al11 (2009) Objective: To investigate the effectiveness of interventions performed by ward-based pharmacists in care of older patients (>80 years of age)	n = 400	16% reduction in hospital visits; 47% reduction in ED visits; 80% reduction in drug-related readmissions	Logistic regression analysis for binary responses received from the intervention and control groups
Armero et al14 (2015) Objective: To assess the efficacy of a smoking cessation campaign at a pharmaceutical care center	n = 25	Pharmacist-led smoking cessation program resulted in 43.5% of patients achieving total smoking cessation	NR
Hohl et al13 (2017) Objective: To assess the effect of early in-hospital pharmacist-led medication review on health outcomes of high-risk patients	n = 10,807	Reduction in median number of hospital days; 8% reduction in median length of hospital stay (11% reduction in patients >80 years of age)	Median and inverse propensity score–weighted logistic regression modeling
Smith et al16 (2017) Objective: To study the impact of a pharmacist-provided clinical COPD bundle on the management of COPD in a hospital-based ambulatory care clinic	n = 138	Pharmacist-driven COPD bundle improved outpatient management in patients with COPD (P < 0.0001); phone call consults at 90 days reduced (P = 0.04)	Student’s t test or Mann-Whitney U test and logistic regression analysis
Nguyen et al15 (2018) Objective: To evaluate the impact of pharmacist-led training on the improvement of inhaler technique for patients with COPD	n = 211	Inhaler techniques significantly improved after pharmacist-led training (P < 0.05); average training time reduced from 6 min to 3 min	One-way analysis of variance, with post hoc test and paired-samples t test, and McNemar’s test

Abbreviations: COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; ED, emergency department; NR, not reported.