Table 2.
Hospitalization and death of opioid poisoning, stratified by receiving opioid prescription in the Netherlands, from 2013 to 2017.
| 2013 (n = 16,779,575) | 2014 (n = 16,829,290) | 2015 (n = 16,900,726) | 2016 (n = 16,979,120) | 2017 (n = 17,081,507) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Opioid poisoning | |||||
| No. (per 100,000) | 1440 (8.6) | 1499 (8.9) | 1742 (10.3) | 2049 (12.1) | 2200 (12.9) |
| aRR (95% CI)* | 1 (reference) | 1.03 (0.96–1.11) | 1.19 (1.11–1.28) | 1.39 (1.30–1.49) | 1.48 (1.39–1.59) |
| Opioid prescription | |||||
| No. (per 100,000) | 572 (3.4) | 696 (4.1) | 844 (5.0) | 1018 (6.0) | 1127 (6.6) |
| aRR (95% CI)* | 1 (reference) | 1.20 (1.08–1.35) | 1.44 (1.30–1.60) | 1.73 (1.56–1.92) | 1.89 (1.71–2.09) |
| Mean age (SD), years | 56.1 (15.9) | 57.8 (16.6) | 57.3 (16.8) | 55.9 (16.9) | 56.4 (17.6) |
| Male, No. (%) | 289 (50.5) | 337 (48.4) | 411 (48.7) | 467 (45.9) | 514 (45.6) |
| Female, No. (%) | 283 (49.5) | 359 (51.6) | 433 (51.3) | 551 (54.1) | 613 (54.4) |
| In-hospital and illegal opioid use | |||||
| No. (per 100,000) | 868 (5.2) | 803 (4.8) | 898 (5.3) | 1031 (6.1) | 1073 (6.3) |
| aRR (95% CI)* | 1 (reference) | 0.92 (0.84–1.02) | 1.03 (0.94–1.13) | 1.17 (1.07–1.28) | 1.22 (1.11–1.33) |
| Mean age (SD), years | 46.6 (16.4) | 46.9 (16.2) | 46.9 (16.9) | 46.9 (18.1) | 45.6 (17.8) |
| Male, No. (%) | 564 (65.0) | 534 (66.5) | 583 (64.9) | 658 (63.8) | 711 (66.3) |
| Female, No. (%) | 304 (35.0) | 269 (33.5) | 315 (35.1) | 373 (36.2) | 362 (33.7) |
aRR, adjusted risk ratio; CI, confidence interval.
*Adjusted for age and sex with direct standardization; the 2013 total Dutch population cohort was selected as a reference.
Opioid poisoning cases were derived from hospitalization and death dataset for the year in concern, and duplicate cases were filtered out. ICD-10CM codes used to identify opioid poisoning are reported in the Supplement online. Opioid prescriptions were identified by ATC code N02A.