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. 2020 Sep 17;10:15234. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-71970-3

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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The induction of autophagy increases EV-A71 vRNA replication in differentiated IMR-32 cells. (A) Differentiated IMR-32 cells were treated with 1 or 5 μM rapamycin and infected with EV-A71 (MOI = 2) or mock infection. The protein levels of LC3-I, LC3-II and EV-A71 3D^pol were measured by western blotting. (B) The band intensities of LC3-II were measured using ImageJ software and normalized to the β-actin. The time point of 16 h was used as a reference. (C) Differentiated IMR-32 cells were treated with 10 μM metformin and infected with EV-A71 (MOI = 2) or mock infection. The protein levels of LC3-I, LC3-II and EV-A71 3D^pol were measured by western blotting. (D) The band intensities of LC3-II were measured using ImageJ software and normalized to the β-actin. (E) The total RNA was extracted, and RT-qPCR was performed to measure the relative levels of EV-A71 5′ UTR vRNA. (D) Differentiated IMR-32 cells transduced with shNC or shATG5 lentivirus were infected with EV-A71 (MOI = 2) or mock infection. Western blot assays were performed to measure the levels of ATG5, LC3-I, LC3-II, and EV-A71 3D^pol. (F) The band intensities of LC3-II were measured using ImageJ software and normalized to the β-actin. (G) Total RNA was also extracted for RT-qPCR to measure the relative levels of the EV-A71 5′ UTR. β-actin was used as an internal control in all western blot. The experiments were performed in triplicate, and the error bars represent the SD. Student’s t test. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001.