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. 2020 Sep 17;10:15281. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-71962-3

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Employing device-state programmability for offset removal. (a) Nine identical devices (D1–D9) are electroformed for acquiring hysteretic properties. All devices are then functionalized with anti-PSA antibodies and converted to memristor-based sensing elements. Treatment with charged biological substances results into a further shift in the operating regimes. The sensors are subjected to a device-level hardware calibration, each individual chemical memristor is subjected to an initialization process comprising input programming pulses and the process is repeated until reaching the desired RS level for all the sensors under study. (b) RS levels achieved for the sensors (D1–D9) after the normalization procedure are represented via different pixel colors and intensities. (c) Corresponding PSA RS level relative change (%)-dependent responses of the nine chemical memristors (D1–D9) after exposure to different PSA concentrations as illustrated by indexed color representation.