Table 2.
The in vivo effect of bioactive peptides on inhibiting inflammation.
| Peptides | Origin | Object | Administration | Activities | Results | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AQ | Synthesis | Early-weaned calves | Intravenous infusion 1.01 g/kg BW/d AQ | Increase concentrations of CD2+ and CD4+ lymphocytes, CD4+/CD8+ ratio, and IgA, IgG, and s-IgA and improve intestinal integrity | Improve gain performance and decrease diarrhea occurrence | [52] |
| AQ | Synthesis | DSS-induced colitis C57BL/6 mice | Inject 75 mg/kg BW/d AQ | Reduce Th1/Th2/Th17, haptoglobin, IgG, chemokine, and MPO activity | Attenuate colitis | [9] |
| AQ | Synthesis | DSS-induced colitis C57BL/6 mice | Inject 75 mg/kg BW/d AQ | Increase colon length, TLR4, NF-κB activation, and expressions of mucin 2, IL-17, and TNF-α and reduce IgG, DAI, and haptoglobin | Inhibit inflammation and enhance mucosa recovery | [53] |
| AQ | Synthesis | DSS-induced colitis C57BL/6 mice | Inject 75 mg/kg BW/d AQ | Reduce IL-17, Th17, and macrophage | Inhibit inflammation | [54] |
| DIKTNKPVIF | Potato protein hydrolysate | HFD-fed SAMP8 mice | Oral and intraperitoneal injection | Reduce expressions of p-p38, FGF-2, TNF-α, and IL-6 | Attenuate proinflammatory reaction via the MAPK pathway | [45] |
| EWP | Egg white protein | DSS-induced IBD in piglets | Infuse 150 mg/kg BW EWP for 5 days | Reduce weight loss, crypt distortion, and expressions of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, IFN-γ, IL-8, and IL-17 and restore gut barrier function | Manage IBD | [55] |
| GLTSK | Phaseolus vulgaris | AOM/DSS-induced colitis BALB/c mice | Oral 50 mg/kg BW/d GLTSK | Reduce DAI and neoplasms and enhance colon length | Attenuate colitis | [56] |
| Glycomacropeptide | Milk κ-casein | TNBS-induced ileitis rat | Oral 500 mg/kg BW/d peptide | Reduce DAI, MPO, alkaline phosphatase, iNOS, IL-1β, IL-17, and TNF | Attenuate ileitis via reducing IL-17 | [57] |
| Glycomacropeptide | Milk κ-casein | DSS-induced colitis C57BL/6 female mice | Gavage 500 mg/kg BW/d peptide | Reduce DAI and normalize colonic expressions of IL-1β, IL17, IL23, IL6, TGF-β, IL10, and Foxp3 | Inhibit inflammation | [58] |
| Glycomacropeptide | Milk κ-casein | DSS-induced colitis mice | Gavage 15 mg/d peptide | Increase BW and reduce DAI, CD4+, IFN-γ, and MPO activity | Inhibit colitis inflammation | [59] |
| Glycomacropeptide | Milk κ-casein | Oxazolone-induced ulcerative colitis BALB/c mice | Oral 50 mg/kg BW/d peptide | Inhibit NF-κB and MAPK activations and reduce serum IL-1β, IL-5, IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-10 production | Attenuate colitis | [60] |
| Lunasin | Soybean protein | LPS-induced airway inflammation mice | Intranasal 20 μg/mice lunasin | Reduce infiltration, goblet cell metaplasia, and Th2 cytokine expression | Alleviate inflammation | [15] |
| IRW | Egg ovotransferrin | Spontaneously hypertensive rat | Oral 15 mg/kg BW/d IRW | Reduce ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 expression | Inhibit inflammation and hypertension via the NF-κB pathway | [11] |
| IRW | Egg ovotransferrin | LPS-induced inflammatory peritonitis in rat | Oral 40 mg/kg IRW in feed | Reduce serum TNF-α and IL-6 and MPO activity, increase Shannon index, and decrease Simpson indices | Attenuate inflammation | [61] |
| IRW, IQW | Egg ovotransferrin | DSS-induced colitis in mice | Drink water with 30 mg/mL peptide | Increase antioxidant enzyme activities and microbial diversity and abundance | Attenuate colitis | [63] |
| IRW, IQW | Egg ovotransferrin | DSS-induced colitis in mice | Oral 0.03% peptide in diet | Reduce TNF-α and IL-17 | Inhibit colonic inflammation | [64] |
| IRW, IQW | Egg ovotransferrin | Citrobacter rodentium-induced colitis in mice | Oral 0.03% peptide in diet | Regulate intestinal microorganisms | Inhibit colonic inflammation | [62] |
| KGHYAERVG | Rice | Autoimmune encephalitis mice | Oral 100 mg/kg peptide | Reduce productions of IL-17, IFN-γ, IL-23, and IL-12 and increase T cells | Attenuate autoimmune encephalitis | [65] |
| KPV | C-terminal sequence of α-melanocyte stimulating hormone | DSS- and TNBS-induced colitis in mice | Drink water with 100 μM KPV | Decrease expressions of IL-6, IL-12, IFN-γ, and IL-1β | Reduce intestinal inflammation via PepT1 | [66] |
| PTGADY | Alaska pollock hydrolysates | Hydrogenated cortisone-treated mice | Oral 50-200 mg/kg BW/d hydrolysate | Increase productions of IL-2, IL-4, and IL-6 | Immunomodulation | [67] |
| QCQCAVEGGL | Crassostrea gigas | DSS-induced colitis mice | Oral 50 mg/kg BW/d hydrolysate | Reduce IgE and increase spleen CD4+/CD8+ | Attenuate colitis | [68] |
| QEPVL, QEPV | Milk casein | LPS-induced mice | Oral 200 mg/kg BW/d peptide | Reduce NO release, increase IL-4 and IL-10 production, and decrease IFN-γ and TNF-α production | Inhibit inflammation | [6] |
| RILSILRHQNLLKELQDLAL | Chromogranin A | DSS-induced colitis in mice | Intracolonic injection 2.5 mg/kg/day peptide | Reduce IL-18, active macrophages, increase TJ proteins | Attenuate colitis | [69] |
| SSEDIKE | Amaranth seeds | IgE-mediated food allergy mouse | Gavage 100 μg SSEDIKE | Reduce productions of IgE, IgG, IL-5, IL-13, and NF-κB and increase TGF-β and Foxp3 expressions | Inhibit intestinal inflammation | [70] |
| TMKLLLVTL | Corn silk extract | LPS-induced inflammatory mice | Oral 1 mg/kg peptide | Inhibit IL-β, IKKβ, and IκB phosphorylation and NF-κB activation | Inhibit inflammation via the IKKβ-NF-κB pathways | [43] |
| VPP | Milk casein | HFD-induced adipose inflammation mice | Drink water with 0.3 mg/mL VPP for 10 weeks | Reduce monocytes, macrophages, CD18, IL-6, and MCP-1 | Attenuate inflammation via the MAPK-JNK pathway | [46] |
| VPP | Milk casein | Obesity-induced adipose inflammation C57BL/6J mice | Drink water with 0.1% VPP for 4 months | Reduce TNF-α and IL-1β expression and macrophage accumulation and activation | Attenuate inflammation | [31] |
| VPP, IPP | Milk casein | Apolipoprotein E-deficient mice | Oral 60.2 or 125 μmol/kg BW/d peptide | Reduce IL-6, IL-1β, and oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor | Attenuate atherosclerosis | [71] |
| VPP, IPP | Milk κ-casein | L-NAME-treated rats | Drink water with 0.3 mg/mL VPP or IPP | Increase vasorelaxation and nitrite and nitrate and reduce cardiac and renal damage | Attenuate arterial dysfunction | [72] |
| VPY | Soybean protein | DSS-induced colitis BALB/C female mice | Drink water with 1 mg/mL VPY (100 mg/kg BW/d) | Reduce DAI, weight loss, and MPO activity and expressions of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, IFN-γ, and IL-17 | Treat IBD via PepT1 | [33] |
| WH | Sardine muscle hydrolysate | DSS-induced colitis BALB/c mice | Oral 100 or 250 mg/kg BW/d WH for 14 d | Reduce DAI, cytokine expression, MAPK and IκBα activation, and IL-8 secretion | Inhibit intestinal inflammation | [41] |
| Milk casein hydrolysates | Lactobacillus fermentation | TNBS-induced colitis mice | Oral 150 μg/d hydrolysate | Reduce BW loss, microbial translocation, colonic DAI, and IFN-γ production | Treat colitis | [73] |
| Di- and tripeptides | Soybean protein | DSS-induced colitis pig | Infuse 250 mg/kg BW/d peptides | Reduce the expressions of IFNG, IL-1B, IL-12B, TNF, and IL-17A and MPO activity and increase Foxp3 expression and CD4+CD25+ T cells | Attenuate colon and ileum inflammation | [74] |
| Peptide P-317 | Cyclic analog of morphiceptin | TNBS/DSS-induced colonic mice | Intraperitoneal 0.2 or oral 2 mg/kg BW/d peptide | Inhibit TNF-α and IL-1β expression and MPO activity | Treat IBD | [75] |
| pyroGlu-Leu | Wheat gluten | DSS-induced colitis mice | Gavage 0.01-10 mg/kg BW/d peptide | Reduce DAI and normalize colonic Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes | Treat IBD via gut microbiota | [76] |
| β-Casofensin | Milk protein | NMS-induced intestinal barrier alteration rat | Oral 10 μL/kg BW/d peptide (0.01-100 μM) | Reduce intestinal damages and prevent neonatal stress | Protect gut barrier | [77] |
| γ-EC, γ-EV | Beans and yeast extracts | DSS-induced BALB/C female mice | Gavage 50 or 150 mg/kg BW/d peptide | Inhibit IκBα and JNK activation and the expressions of TNF-α, IL-6, INF-γ, IL-1β, and IL-17 and increase IL-10 expression | Inhibit colitis inflammation via the TNF-α pathway | [47] |
ACE: angiotensin-converting enzyme; AOM: azoxymethane; BW: body weight; CD4+/CD8+: splenic T lymphocyte subpopulations; DAI: disease activity index; DSS: dextran sulfate sodium; Foxp3: a transcription factor that drives treg phenotypic differentiation; glycomacropeptide: a 64-amino acid peptide in stomach casein hydrolysis; HFD: high-fat diet; IBD: inflammatory bowel diseases; iNOS: inducible oxide nitric synthase; IFN: interferon; IKKβ: inhibitory κB kinase-β; IL-1β: interleukin-1β; KC: keratinocyte-derived chemokine; LPS: lipopolysaccharide; L-NAME: N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride; MCP-1: monocyte chemoattractant protein-1; MPO: myeloperoxidase; NF-κB: nuclear factor-κB; NMS: neonatal maternal separation; NO: nitric oxide; PPARγ: peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma; RAW264.7: a mouse macrophage cell line; SAMP8: senescence-accelerated mice prone 8; TGF-β: transforming growth factor β; TJ: tight junction; TLR4: toll-like receptor 4; Th1/2/17: T-helper-cell-associated cytokine 1/2/17; TNBS: 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid.