Table 2.
Summary of oncolytic HSV and VV (Group I) viruses used in the context of breast cancer therapy.
|
Baltimore
Classification System |
Virus | Vector | Modifications | Aim/Target | Refs. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Group I Double-stranded DNA Viruses |
Herpes simplex virus (HSV) |
R-LM249 | γ134.5 gene deletion; Trastuzumab scFV in gD domain | Retarget to HER2 receptors | [34] |
| G47∆ | γ134.5 gene deletion; ICP6 gene mutation; α47 gene mutation | Restriction to breast cancer cells; immune reaction enhancement | [37-41] | ||
| GD116 | C-terminus of MyD116 inserted in place of the C-terminus of γ34.5 | Enhance replication and cytotoxicity | [42] | ||
| OSVP | 15-hydroxy prostaglandin dehydrogenase gene | Break down tumor promoting prostaglandin E2 | [43] | ||
| HF10 | Naturally mutated strain | Cellular effects; Combination effects with Bevacizumab targeting VEGF | [44, 45] | ||
| MGH2 | Transcriptionally targeted; Express GFP | Combination with apoptosis-inducing compounds; Tumor penetration improvement | [46] | ||
| M002 | Express IL-12 | Viral replication in combination with HDAC inhibitors | [47] | ||
| HSV1-hGM-CSF | Transcriptionally targeted; Produce GM-CSF | Combination with doxorubicin; Target cancer stem cells and chemoresistant cancer cells | [48] | ||
| rQNestin34.5 | ICP34.5 mutation under control of the Nestin promoter | Combination with CAR NK cells expressing anti-EGFR; Target breast cancer brain metastasis | [50] | ||
| Vaccinia virus (VV) | GLV-1h68 | Natural tropism to cancer cells; RUC-GFP gene; β-galactosidase gene; β-glucuronidase gene insertions |
Target mammary tumors; Replication in cancer cells; Combination approach using prodrugs | [53, 54, 56] | |
| GLV-1h164 | Armed with GLAF-2 antibody | Target VEGF | [55] | ||
| Vvdd | Deletions in TK and VGF genes or Serpin-1 and Serpin-2 genes | Replication restricted to tumor cells; enhanced cytotoxicity | [57, 58] |
Abbreviations: EGFR: Epidermal growth factor receptor; GFP: Green fluorescent protein; GM-CSF: Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor; HDAC: Histone deacetylase; HER2: Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2; IL-12: Interleukin-12; NK: Natural killer; TK: Thymidine kinase; VEGF: Vascular endothelial growth factor; VGF: Vaccinia growth factor.