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. 2020 Aug 12;119(6):1157–1177. doi: 10.1016/j.bpj.2020.07.033

Figure 6.

Figure 6

External membrane retrograde flow can propel swimming efficiently. (A) Bright-field images of ICAM-coated beads traveling from front to back on the cell membrane of swimming primary human effector T cells in HBSS control media and with 50 μM blebbistatin, 100 μM CK666, and 0.05 μM latrunculin (left to right). Scale bars, 10 μm. See also Video S11. (B) Traveling speed of ICAM-coated beads versus inhibitor type (n = 17 cells for each case, error bar is SD, ∗∗∗∗p < 0.0001, Dunnet’s multiple comparison test versus control condition). (C) Cartoon of the external and internal structure of the cell membrane considered in the modeling of membrane dynamics. (D and E) Retrograde flow pattern on a model spherical cell (D) and a cell with an experimental shape (E) extracted from soSPIM images of (Fig. 5A). Swimming speed is found in both cases equal to the speed of the membrane at equator. See also Video S12. To see this figure in color, go online.