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. 2020 Sep 17;10:15253. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-72190-5

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Comparisons of neurodegenerative protein markers and vCSF-cfmtDNA in NDDs and matched controls. Boxplots of vCSF protein levels, showing, (a) 14–3-3 zeta, (b) synaptophysin and (c) TFAM protein levels in combined NDDs and matched controls. (d) and (e) shows NSE and 14–3-3 zeta protein levels respectively in combined NDDs stratified by the in-life diagnosis of dementia. Boxes show median (thick line), 25th and 75th percentile and whiskers show 95% confidence interval. *indicates significance at p < 0.05 Student’s TTEST. (f) Correlograms of vCSF-cfmtDNA level and protein levels in controls (upper) and combined NDDs (lower). Where, colour intensity depicts r² and X indicates p > 0.05, Log_ND1 = vCSF-cfmtDNA, NSE = neuron specific enolase, ZETA/BETA = 14–3-3 zeta/beta, SDHA = succinate dehydrogenase, SYNA = synaptophysin, TFAM = transcription factor A, mitochondrial, ASYN = alpha synuclein, TRKB = tropomyosin receptor kinase B. (g) SEM images of vCSF pellets, indicating: (i) vesicular-like structures, (ii) proteinaceous material and (ii-iii) potential mitochondria-like structures (black arrows).