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. 2020 Sep 17;10:15271. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-72227-9

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Joint damage was observed 12 weeks after the induction of the OA post-traumatic DMM model. X-ray (A) and μ-CT (B) images were acquired 12 weeks post-surgery in sham-operated and DMM mice. The narrowing of the knee joint space (arrowhead) and the formation of osteophytes (arrow) were observed in both technical approaches. μ-CT quantitative analyses were also performed (B). Increased subchondral bone volume and subchondral bone thickness were observed in the DMM mice. The safranin O staining (C) revealed intense fibrillation and thinning of the cartilage (arrows) and lower intensity in red staining (proteoglycan) of cartilage (highlighted with *) in the DMM mice (scale bar = 100 μm). A higher OARSI maximum score of articular cartilage was calculated for the DMM mice (D). The infiltration of synovium by macrophages was assessed by the analysis of CD68 and F4/80 expression and no macrophages were observed (E) (scale bar = 50 μm). Results are presented as mean ± SEM, n = 5 per group. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01.