Fig. 4. Structural defects in bcc Fe detected using the distortion score.

a Divacancy; b–d various interstitial defects; e stacking fault; and f $\frac{1}{2}⟨111⟩$ screw dislocation dipole. The types of defects are indicated on each subplot. The atoms are coloured according to their distortion score, as provided by robust MCD distance. The atoms identified as bcc bulk are shown in transparent purple. For the interstitial clusters (b–d), the atoms with the robust distance d_RB < 17 are set transparent.