Table 1.

Comparison of estimated PM_2.5 exposure by baseline cohort characteristics (N = 2,202)

		Distribution of time-varying 3-year averagePM_2.5^a
Population Characteristics	N	Mean	SD	25^th	Median	75^th	p^b
Overall	2202	12.63	2.60	10.74	12.07	14.23
Region of Residence							<.001
Northeast	462	12.25	1.36	11.14	12.20	13.27
South	319	12.23	1.77	10.56	11.87	14.04
Midwest	856	12.91	2.44	10.68	12.38	15.39
West	565	12.75	3.70	10.46	11.70	14.32
Race/Ethnicity							<.001
African-American	136	15.05	2.38	13.58	14.69	16.38
Hispanic White	26	13.29	2.89	11.11	12.29	14.36
Non-Hispanic White	1983	12.43	2.49	10.66	11.87	13.94
Other or Missing	57	13.56	3.28	11.38	12.84	15.52
Education							.027
Less than high school	107	12.67	2.58	10.89	11.96	14.31
High school	469	12.34	2.28	10.63	11.75	13.63
More than high school	1626	12.71	2.68	10.76	12.12	14.32
Income (in USD)							.004
< 9,999	483	12.38	2.56	10.61	11.73	14.21
10,000–34,999	678	12.57	2.54	10.67	12.09	14.18
35,000–49,999	469	12.59	2.56	10.68	11.96	14.01
50,000–74,999	308	12.88	2.69	11.05	12.28	14.20
75,000 or more	194	13.21	2.79	10.96	12.61	15.11
Don’t know	70	12.53	2.47	10.75	12.20	13.87
Lifestyle
Smoking status							.276
Never smoked	1214	12.66	2.62	10.73	12.04	14.31
Past smoker	862	12.65	2.55	10.82	12.16	14.15
Current Smoker	126	12.27	2.70	10.46	11.51	14.09
Alcohol use							.031
Non-drinker	271	13.07	2.75	10.66	12.50	15.07
Past drinker	400	12.61	2.56	10.73	12.03	14.38
Less than 1 drink per day	1263	12.55	2.56	10.73	12.00	14.01
More than 1 drink per day	268	12.61	2.64	10.89	11.97	14.15
Moderate or strenuous activities ≥ 20 minutes							.294
No activity	1260	12.67	2.66	10.73	12.15	14.39
Some activity	116	12.77	2.43	10.83	12.07	14.61
2–4 episodes/week	446	12.68	2.53	10.82	12.04	14.23
≥4 episodes/week	380	12.40	2.52	10.66	11.83	13.66
Physical Health
Hypertension							.321
No	1385	12.59	2.59	10.69	12.01	14.22
Yes	817	12.70	2.60	10.78	12.16	14.26
Treated hypercholesterolemia							.267
No	1817	12.60	2.60	10.73	12.06	14.22
Yes	385	12.76	2.57	10.82	12.16	14.27
Diabetes Mellitus							.593
No	2078	12.64	2.61	10.73	12.07	14.26
Yes	124	12.51	2.44	10.87	12.12	13.60
Cardiovascular disease							.166
No	1847	12.60	2.59	10.73	12.03	14.19
Yes	355	12.81	2.66	10.80	12.33	14.75
Prior hormone therapy							.500
No	1189	12.66	2.52	10.73	12.13	14.20
Yes	1013	12.59	2.68	10.76	12.00	14.28

PM_2.5 represents the distribution of the individual-level summary of all time-varying 3-year exposures aggregated from the daily exposure levels estimated at each residential location using the spatiotemporal model.

p values estimated from ANOVA F-tests or t-tests