Table 2.
Clinical characteristics of gram-negative bacteraemia according to the results of follow-up blood culture (FUBC) and the eradicability of the source of infection
| Eradicable source of infection | Non-eradicable source of infection | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Positive FUBC (n = 55) | Negative FUBC (n = 411) | p-value | Positive FUBC (n = 66) | Negative FUBC (n = 736) | p-value | |
| Age, years (± SD) | 69.18 (± 12.19) | 70.15 (± 13.35) | 0.610 | 70.15 (± 14.25) | 67.98 (± 14.88) | 0.254 |
| Sex (M) | 29 (52.7%) | 222 (54.0%) | 0.886 | 26 (39.4%) | 346 (47.0%) | 0.235 |
| Body weight (kg) | ||||||
| Comorbidity | ||||||
| DM | 19 (34.5%) | 121 (29.4%) | 0.531 | 25 (37.9%) | 238 (32.3%) | 0.358 |
| Liver cirrhosis | 6 (10.9%) | 31 (7.5%) | 0.422 | 4 (6.1%) | 54 (7.3%) | 1.000 |
| ESRD on HD | 4 (7.3%) | 7 (1.7%) | 0.031* | 6 (9.1%) | 18 (2.4%) | 0.010* |
| ESRD on PD | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | N.A. | 2 (3.0%) | 4 (.0.5%) | 0.081 |
| Rheumatic disease | 1 (1.8%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0.119 | 2 (3.0%) | 15 (2.0%) | 0.644 |
| Haematologic malignancy | 4 (7.3%) | 8 (2.0%) | 0.042* | 12 (18.2%) | 109 (14.9%) | 0.474 |
| Solid malignancy | 17 (30.9%) | 149 (36.4%) | 0.457 | 16 (24.2%) | 176 (24.0%) | 0.966 |
| Solid organ transplantation | 2 (3.6%) | 9 (2.2%) | 0.627 | 4 (6.1%) | 19 (2.6%) | 0.113 |
| Bone marrow transplantation | 2 (3.6%) | 1 (0.2%) | 0.038* | 2 (3.0%) | 22 (3.0%) | 1.000 |
| Intravascular device | 75 (18.2%) | 26 (47.3%) | 0.000* | 4 (6.1%) | 19 (2.6%) | 0.113 |
| Neutropenia | 1 (1.8%) | 8 (2.0%) | 1.000 | 11 (16.7%) | 105 (14.3%) | 0.608 |
| High-dose steroid | 1 (1.8%) | 4 (1.0%) | 0.468 | 4 (6.1%) | 15 (2.0%) | 0.063 |
| Microorganism | ||||||
| Escherichia coli | 22 (40.0%) | 205 (49.9%) | 0.197 | 36 (54.5%) | 456 (62.0%) | 0.291 |
| Klebsiella pneumoniae | 11 (20.0%) | 91 (22.1%) | 0.735 | 14 (21.2%) | 133 (18.1%) | 0.527 |
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa | 5 (9.1%) | 19 (4.6%) | 0.185 | 5 (7.6%) | 33 (4.5%) | 0.231 |
| vAmpC-encoded Enterobacteriaceaea | 7 (12.7%) | 49 (11.9%) | 1.000 | 4 (6.1%) | 39 (5.3%) | 0.774 |
| Acinetobacter baumannii | 1 (1.8%) | 6 (1.5%) | 0.587 | 2 (3.0%) | 15 (2.0%) | 0.644 |
| ESBL-producing | 21 (38.2%) | 84 (20.4%) | 0.003* | 39 (59.1%) | 169 (23.0%) | 0.000* |
| Other gram-negative | 9 (16.4%) | 34 (8.3%) | 0.052* | 5 (7.6%) | 59 (8.0%) | 0.899 |
| PBSI | 5 (9.1%) | 32 (7.8%) | 0.789 | 1 (1.5%) | 12 (1.6%) | 1.000 |
| Hospital onset | 22 (40.0%) | 66 (16.1%) | 0.000* | 19 (28.8%) | 216 (29.3%) | 1.000 |
| Site of infection | ||||||
| Urinary genital tract | 12 (21.8%) | 80 (19.5%) | 0.718 | 38 (57.6%) | 372 (50.5%) | 0.305 |
| Liver abscess | 2 (3.6%) | 39 (9.5%) | 0.205 | 0 (0.0%) | 13 (1.8%) | 0.615 |
| Biliary infection | 9 (16.4%) | 218 (53.0%) | 0.000* | 1 (1.5%) | 73 (9.9%) | 0.024* |
| Intra-abdominal | 5 (9.1%) | 38 (9.2%) | 1.000 | 6 (9.1%) | 85 (11.5%) | 0.687 |
| Respiratory | 1 (1.8%) | 2 (0.5%) | 0.315 | 7 (10.6%) | 44 (6.0%) | 0.180 |
| SSTI | 3 (5.5%) | 4 (1.0%) | 0.039* | 2 (3.0%) | 4 (0.5%) | 0.081 |
| Catheter-related | 18 (32.1%) | 22 (5.4%) | 0.000* | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | N.A. |
| Bone and joint infection | 3 (5.5%) | 2 (0.5%) | 0.013* | 1 (1.5%) | 6 (0.8%) | 0.453 |
| Cardiovascular | 2 (3.6%) | 1 (0.2%) | 0.038* | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | N.A. |
| CNS infection | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | N.A. | 0 (0.0%) | 2 (0.2%) | 1.000 |
| Primary bacteraemia | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | N.A. | 11 (16.7%) | 131 (17.8%) | 0.869 |
| Inotropic requirement on the day of FUBC | 24 (5.8%) | 10 (18.2%) | 0.003* | 9 (13.6%) | 53 (7.2%) | 0.061 |
| Unfavourable treatment response | 30 (55.6%) | 130 (32.5%) | 0.001* | 31 (48.4%) | 215 (30.0%) | 0.002* |
| qSOFA score (± SD) on the day of FUBC | 1.29 (± 1.12) | 0.52 (± 0.76) | 0.000* | 0.88 (± 0.95) | 0.56 (± 0.88) | 0.005* |
| SOFA score (± SD) on the day of FUBC | 5.62 (± 4.48) | 3.09 (± 2.93) | 0.000* | 3.79 (± 3.47) | 2.90 (± 3.18) | 0.036* |
| qSOFA score ≥ 2 on the day of FUBC | 20 (36.4%) | 45 (10.9%) | 0.000* | 16 (24.2%) | 108 (14.7%) | 0.039 |
| Effective antibiotics before the day of FUBC | 34 (61.8%) | 350 (85.2%) | 0.000* | 27 (40.9%) | 639 (86.8%) | 0.000* |
| Adequate source control before the day of FUBC | 13 (23.6%) | 322 (78.3%) | 0.000* | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. |
SD Standard deviation, N.A. Not available, M Male, DM Diabetes mellitus, ESRD End-stage renal disease, HD Haemodialysis, PD Peritoneal dialysis, ESBL Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase, PBSI Polymicrobial bloodstream infection, SSTI Skin and soft tissue infection, CNS Central nervous system
aAmpC-encoded Enterobacteriaceae includes Serratia marcescens, Providencia stuartii, Proteus vulgaris, Citrobacter spp., Enterobacter spp., and Morganella morganii
*p < 0.05