Table 3.
Baseline characteristics of participants
| Variables | Case | Control | P value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (year) | 49.26 ± 12.6 | 40.88 ± 9.72 | < 0.001 |
| Sex, female (%) | 81% | 76.6% | 0.37 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 26.2 ± 4.35 | 24.82 ± 3.2 | 0.006 |
| Socioeconomic status (SES)b | 11.94 ± 3.47 | 13.57 ± 3.45 | < 0.001 |
| Cigarette | |||
| No | 83% | 98% | < 0.001a |
| Yes | 17% | 2% | |
| Disease history | |||
| No | 41% | 95.9% | < 0.001a |
| Yes | 59% | 4.09% | |
| Drug use | |||
| No | 58% | 99% | < 0.001a |
| Yes | 42% | 1% | |
| Education | |||
| Lower than diploma | 50% | 14.7% | < 0.001a |
| Diploma | 33% | 37% | |
| Bachelor | 15% | 31.5% | |
| Higher than bachelor | 2% | 16.8% | |
| Energy intake (kcal) | 2243.02 ± 598.55 | 2168 ± 687.3 | 0.365 |
| Carbohydrate (g) | 258.29 ± 82 | 317.1 ± 116.63 | 0.015 |
| Protein (g) | 62.09 ± 18.49 | 72.59 ± 28.24 | < 0.001 |
| Fat (g) | 98.57 ± 28 | 73 ± 32.32 | < 0.001 |
| Physical activity (MET-min/week) | 4512.29 ± 6160 | 2372.74 ± 2055 | < 0.001 |
Quantitative variables are shown as mean ± SD, and qualitative variables as frequency (percentage); SD standard deviation, CI confidence interval, BMI body mass index. P values are calculated by independent t-test
aFor categorical data, P values are assessed by Chi-square test
bSocioeconomic status (SES) score was evaluated based on education level of both subjects and the family head, job of both subjects and the family head, family size, home status and home type by using self-reported questionnaire