Table 3.
Association of vitreous NfL levels vs. vitreous levels of inflammatory cytokines and vascular proteins
| Protein | Beta | SE | p value (n = 77) | p value (adjusting for DM) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pro-inflammatory cytokines | ||||
| IL1α | − 1.43 | 0.64 | 0.029 | 0.044 |
| IL1β | 0.59 | 2.14 | 0.783 | 0.846 |
| IL6 | 0.23 | 0.11 | 0.045 | 0.057 |
| *IL15 | 1.21 | 0.33 | 0.000525 | 0.00108 |
| *IL16 | 0.86 | 0.22 | 0.00022 | 0.00044 |
| IL17α | 1.01 | 0.45 | 0.027 | 0.027 |
| TNF-α | 0.20 | 0.61 | 0.748 | 0.645 |
| IFN-γ | 0.32 | 0.30 | 0.291 | 0.289 |
| Anti-inflammatory cytokines | ||||
| IL4 | 0.83 | 0.60 | 0.17 | 0.20 |
| IL10 | 1.22 | 0.67 | 0.07 | 0.053 |
| IL13 | 0.73 | 0.55 | 0.19 | 0.29 |
| TNFβ | 0.99 | 1.84 | 0.59 | 0.778 |
| Chemokines and inflammatory proteins | ||||
| *MCP-1 | 0.63 | 0.17 | 0.000414 | 0.000337 |
| 3MIP1α | 0.19 | 0.14 | 0.155 | 0.153 |
| Vascular proteins | ||||
| *VEGFR1 | 0.90 | 0.17 | 0.00000285 | 0.00000292 |
| VEGF-human | 0.23 | 0.10 | 0.027 | 0.046 |
| *Vegf-C | 0.33 | 0.07 | 0.0000086 | 0.0000139 |
| Vegf-D | 0.19 | 0.08 | 0.018 | 0.034 |
| *VCAM-1 | 0.40 | 0.11 | 0.0005 | 0.0007 |
| *Tie2 | 0.25 | 0.07 | 0.00063 | 0.0012 |
| *ICAM-1 | 0.59 | 0.15 | 0.00016 | 0.00028 |
| CRP | 0.23 | 0.10 | 0.0265 | 0.0435 |
| SAA | 0.14 | 0.06 | 0.017 | 0.0289 |
| bFGF | 0.05 | 0.11 | 0.616 | 0.462 |
Association of NfL with inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and vascular proteins associated with neurodegenerative disease. The proteins marked with an asterisk (*) maintain statistical significance with NfL after conducting the Bonferroni test for multiple comparisons (0.05/41 analytes with a new p = 0.0012). As diabetic patients are at higher risk for the development of AD as well as retinal damage, we sought to determine vitreous associations independent of the presence of diabetes