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. 2018 Jun 1;4(2):91–106. doi: 10.1089/aivt.2017.0034

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© Ghislaine Lacroix et al., 2018; Published by Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.

This Open Access article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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FIG. 2. — Main methods to improve particle deposition. (a) Electrostatic deposition on ALI cells to enhance particle deposition from aerosols. Aerosol particles are charged unipolar (left) or bipolar (right) and forced onto the cellular surface in an electric field with a constant (unipolar setup) or frequently changed (bipolar setup) polarity. (b) Droplet deposition on ALI cells. Particles are suspended in aerosol droplets to increase the particle size. Aerosol droplets are deposited on the cellular surface by gravitational forces. Depending on experimental conditions, this procedure may be enhanced by cloud movement effects of highly concentrated aerosols. (c) Enhancement of native particle deposition on ALI cells by thermophoresis. A thermal gradient of 15°C–20°C is applied between the cells and the aerosol, leading to a higher velocity of molecules in the aerosol gas at the warmer side. By this thermophoretic effect, aerosol particles are forced to the cellular surfaces of ALI cells.