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IGFBP-3 regulated AMPK. RECs were grown in normal glucose (NG) or high glucose (HG), and cells in each condition were treated with an Epac1 agonist (8-cpt-cAMP), with IGFBP-3 siRNA (BP3 siRNA) and the Epac1 agonist, or with a scrambled siRNA (scsiRNA). Results of western blotting comparing phosphorylated AMPK to total AMPK are shown. *P < 0.05 versus NG; #P < 0.05 versus HG; $P < 0.05 versus 8-cpt-cAMP. Data are mean ± SEM (n = 7).
