FIGURE 1.

Mitochondrial damage in CKD and uremic sarcopenia. (A) Stressors like sepsis, ischemia and toxins induce acute mitochondrial damage. Pathogenesis such as hypertension, diabetes, and obesity induce chronic mitochondrial damage. Uremic toxins accumulated in AKI and CKD also induce mitochondrial damage. On the other hand, mitochondrial damage itself exacerbates kidney damage, forming a vicious cycle in CKD progression. (B) In CKD, mitochondrial damage mediates uremic sarcopenia. AKI, acute kidney injury; CKD, chronic kidney disease; ROS, reactive oxygen species; ATP, adenosine triphosphate.