FIGURE 2.

Mitochondrial dysfunction in the kidney and the skeletal muscle. Both kidney failure and sarcopenia are associated with mitochondrial damage, and there are several common findings or processes in the kidney and the skeletal muscle. Mitochondrial damage, usually accompanied with morphological change for altered dynamics and decreased biogenesis, results in ROS accumulation or deficiency in ATP production. ROS production, which can induce mitochondrial damage, promote inflammation or cytochrome C release leading to apoptosis. Low efficiency in ATP production also leads to cell injury. CKD progression or uremic sarcopenia can result from combination of these phenomena. Therapeutics for CKD have various effects on some or all of these processes. At the same time, these processes can still be a novel therapeutic target. CKD, chronic kidney disease; ROS, reactive oxygen species; ATP, adenosine triphosphate.