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. 2020 Sep 4;11:924. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00924

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Copyright © 2020 Lucas, Muthumalage, Wang, Friedman, Friedman and Rahman.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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E-liquid inhibited TGF-β1 induced myofibroblast differentiation. Immunoblots following exposure to a (A) mixed flavored e-liquid (EL) and/or 5 ng/mL TGF-β1 after 72 h or (B) nicotine and PG/VG controls are shown. The protein abundance of extracellular matrix related markers was measured in whole-cell lysate using western blotting. GAPDH was used as an endogenous control. Representative blots for α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), Fibronectin (Fn), and type I collagen (COL1A1) in HFL-1 are shown. The band intensity was measured by densitometry and data are shown as fold change relative to control. Data are shown as mean ± SEM (n = 3/group) *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, indicates significance. Only significant differences vs control were labeled with asterisks.