Table VI.
Frequency of detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA on inanimate surfaces
| Setting (country) | Types of sampled surfaces (N) | Proportion of virus detection | Mean virus concentration (log10 cps) | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| COVID-19 isolation room (Singapore) | Bedding, cot rail and table (1 m distance to bed) | 100% | Ct values between 37.8 and 28.7 | [210] |
| ICU with COVID-19 patients (China) | Computer mouse (8) | 75% | 4.4 | [138] |
| Floor (10) | 70% | 4.8 | ||
| Air outlet filter (12) | 67% | 5.2 | ||
| Trash can (5) | 60% | 4.5 | ||
| Sickbed handrail (14) | 43% | 4.6 | ||
| Dedicated SARS-CoV-2 outbreak centre (Singapore) | Room C: 26 surfaces (28 swabs) in a patient room before routine cleaning with sodium dichloroisocyanurate (0.5% on high touch surfaces, 0.1% on floors) | 61% | Unknown | [186] |
| Room B: 26 surfaces after routine cleaning | 0% | |||
| Room A: 26 surfaces after routine cleaning | 0% | |||
| Surfaces in 27 hospital rooms of COVID-19 patients (Singapore) | Various surfaces (245) | 56.7%∗ | Unknown | [211] |
| Isolation rooms for COVID-19 patients (Ireland) | Various surfaces in isolation rooms (26) | 42.3% | Unknown | [207] |
| COVID-19 isolation ward (China) | 112 surfaces in patient rooms and the toilet area at least 4 h after first daily surface disinfection with 0.2% chlorine solution | 39.3% | Unknown | [205] |
| Centralized quarantine hotel (China) | Various surfaces (22) | 36.4% | Ct values between 28.8 and 37.6 | [212] |
| General ward with COVID-19 patients (China) | Sickbed handrail (10) | 20% | 4.0 | [138] |
| Doorknob (12) | 8% | 3.5 | ||
| Floor (12) | 8% | 2.8 | ||
| Air outlet (12) | 0% | – | ||
| COVID-19 hospital (China) | 200 samples from various surfaces frequently touched by patients or healthcare workers | 19.0% | Unknown | [206] |
| Clinical microbiology laboratory (France) | 22 samples from various surfaces | 18.2% | Unknown | [213] |
| Intensive care unit and isolation ward (South Korea) | 57 surfaces in patient rooms, the ante room, the floor of an adjacent common corridor and the nursing station 1–72 h after last disinfection | 17.5% | Unknown | [214] |
| Surfaces frequently touched by COVID-19 patients (Korea) | Surfaces in a rehabilitation centre and an apartment building complex (12) | 16.7%∗∗ | Unknown | [215] |
| Surfaces in hospitals (68) | 0%∗∗∗ | |||
| Different wards in grade III hospital (China) | 626 samples from surfaces on different wards | 13.6% | Unknown | [216] |
| Regular 4-bed rooms used for asymptomatic COVID-19 patients (South Korea) | 22 surfaces in patient rooms, the ante room, the floor of an adjacent common corridor and the nursing station 184 h after last disinfection | 13.6% | Unknown | [214] |
| COVID-19 cases in hospitals (Italy) | Various surfaces (26) | 7.7%∗∗∗∗ | Unknown | [142] |
| COVID-19 isolation ward (China) | Various surfaces; routine daily disinfection with 0.1% chlorine dioxide (84) | 7.1% | Unknown | [137] |
| COVID-19 isolation rooms (Hong Kong) | 377 surfaces in patient rooms before daily disinfection with 0.1% sodium hypochlorite | 5.0% | 2.0–5.0 log cpm | [136] |
| COVID-19 cases in isolation at home (Germany) | Surfaces in 21 households (119) | 3.4%∗∗∗∗ | Unknown | [141] |
| Dedicated general ward for COVID-19 cases (Singapore) | Various high touch surfaces in the patient surrounding and toilet area prior to terminal cleaning (445) | 2.2% | Unknown | [217] |
| Intensive care unit and ordinary ward with COVID-19 cases (Taiwan) | 144 samples from 16 different surfaces | 1.4%∗∗∗∗∗ | Ct values between 30.4 and 31.8 | [218] |
| Designated COVID-19 hospital (China) | Various surfaces on isolation ward (144) | 1.4% | Ct values between 38.6 and 44.9 | [208] |
| COVID-19 patient room | Bench, bedside rail, locker, bed table, alcohol dispenser and window bench (unknown) | 1 positive sample on window bench | 2.8 log10 cpm | [95] |
| COVID-19 ward (Italy) | Various surfaces considered as high risk for contamination; routine daily disinfection with 0.1% sodium hypochlorite as free chlorine | 0% | – | [187] |
| COVID-19 patient rooms (Japan) | 15 surfaces in close contact with the patient and medical staff after surface disinfection | 0% | – | [219] |
| Home of an asymptomatic quarantined SARS-CoV-2-carrier with persistently high viral loads (Korea) | Surfaces in household (12) | 0% | – | [220] |
| COVID-19 isolation ward (China) | Various surfaces; routine daily disinfection with 0.1% chlorine dioxide (36) | 0% | – | [221] |
| Designated COVID-19 hospital (China) | Various surfaces on intensive care units (160) | 0% | – | [208] |
cpm, copies per mL; cps, copies per swab.
∗
Proportion of room with at least one environmental surface contaminated.
∗∗
Door handles.
∗∗∗
After cleaning and disinfection.
∗∗∗∗
∗∗∗∗ Detection of infectious SARS-CoV-2 was attempted in all samples and was consistently negative.
∗∗∗∗∗
∗∗∗∗∗ Only on ventilator tubing before HME filter.