Table 1.

Categories of psychological interventions for low back pain

	Category	Characteristics	Examples
First wave	Behavioural therapy-based interventions	Behavioural interventions focus on the removal of positive reinforcement of pain behaviours and teach patients to overcome stressful situations through relaxation skills.17	Biofeedback(17 18)
Second wave	Cognitive behavioural therapy-based interventions	Cognitive behavioural interventions aim to restructure negative cognitions (eg, thoughts, beliefs) and behaviours and promote emotion regulation and problem-solving capacity.17	Graded activity(17) Graded exposure(17)
Third wave	Mindfulness-based interventions	Mindfulness-based interventions focus on promoting self-awareness, attention control and pain acceptance.13 52	Mindfulness-based stress reduction(17 52) Acceptance and commitment therapy(17)
	Counselling-based interventions	Counselling-based interventions focus on using supportive communication and active listening techniques to build interpersonal clinician-patient relationships.	Health coaching(54 55) Motivational interviewing(54 55)
	Pain education-based interventions	Pain education-based interventions target a patient’s understanding and knowledge of pain to reduce fear associated with low back pain. Pain education interventions move away from the traditional biomechanical explanation of pathology and pain, and instead focus on the reconceptualisation of the pain experience. Some pain education interventions specifically aim to desensitise the nervous system.	Pain neuroscience education(82)