Table 1.
Associations of sociodemographic and COVID-19-related predictors with psychological outcome measures.
| Depression | Anxiety | Health Anxiety | Loneliness | Fearful spell | Psychosocial distress | Life-satisfaction | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sociodemographic variables | n (%) | β | β | β | β | OR | β | β |
| Gender | ||||||||
| Male | 1051 (24.2%) | |||||||
| Female | 3284 (75.8%) | .034* | .033* | .007 | −0.003 | 1.166 | .120*** | .059*** |
| Age | −0.186⁎⁎⁎ | −0.144⁎⁎⁎ | .015 | −0.146⁎⁎⁎ | .977⁎⁎⁎ | −0.048⁎⁎ | .132⁎⁎⁎ | |
| Educational level | ||||||||
| Low (reference) | 184 (4.2%) | |||||||
| Middle | 2233 (51.5%) | −0.132⁎⁎⁎ | −0.116⁎⁎ | −0.143 | −0.149⁎⁎⁎ | 0.887 | −0.102⁎⁎ | .107⁎⁎ |
| High | 1918 (44.2%) | −0.215⁎⁎⁎ | −0.178⁎⁎⁎ | −0.221 | −0.207⁎⁎⁎ | 0.598* | −0.175⁎⁎⁎ | .183⁎⁎⁎ |
| Employment | ||||||||
| Employed (reference) | 3507 (80.9%) | |||||||
| Unemployed/non-working | 828 (19.1%) | .119⁎⁎⁎ | .098⁎⁎⁎ | .073⁎⁎⁎ | .081⁎⁎⁎ | 1.508⁎⁎⁎ | .029 | −0.124⁎⁎⁎ |
| Relationship | ||||||||
| Single (reference) | 1494 (34.5%) | |||||||
| Partnership – not living together | 368 (8.5%) | −0.018 | .003 | −0.018 | −0.011 | 1.212 | .016 | .031 |
| Partnership – living together | 2473 (57.0%) | −0.111⁎⁎⁎ | −0.033 | .006 | −0.078⁎⁎⁎ | .891 | .043* | .166⁎⁎⁎ |
| Living alone | ||||||||
| No | 3287 (75.8%) | |||||||
| Yes | 1048 (24.2%) | .090⁎⁎⁎ | .032* | .001 | .083⁎⁎⁎ | 1.212 | −0.035* | −0.121⁎⁎⁎ |
| Living with underage children | ||||||||
| No | 2967 (68.4%) | |||||||
| Yes | 1368 (31.6%) | −0.042⁎⁎ | .015 | −0.009 | .015 | .815* | .146⁎⁎⁎ | .038* |
| Current or previous psychiatric/psychotherapeutic treatment | ||||||||
| No | 2683 (61.9%) | |||||||
| previous | 1015 (23.4%) | .185⁎⁎⁎ | .183⁎⁎⁎ | .161⁎⁎⁎ | .069⁎⁎⁎ | 3.209⁎⁎⁎ | .161⁎⁎⁎ | −0.127⁎⁎⁎ |
| current | 634 (14.6%) | .362⁎⁎⁎ | .329⁎⁎⁎ | .249⁎⁎⁎ | .136⁎⁎⁎ | 6.001⁎⁎⁎ | .265⁎⁎⁎ | −0.251⁎⁎⁎ |
| COVID-19-related variables | ||||||||
| COVID-19 risk group - self | ||||||||
| No | 2728 (62.9%) | |||||||
| Yes | 1606 (37.1%) | .161⁎⁎⁎ | .143⁎⁎⁎ | .270⁎⁎⁎ | .043⁎⁎ | 2.097⁎⁎⁎ | .115⁎⁎⁎ | −0.113⁎⁎⁎ |
| COVID-19 risk group – loved ones | ||||||||
| No | 984 (22.7%) | |||||||
| Yes | 3350 (77.3%) | .003 | .019 | .056⁎⁎⁎ | −0.046⁎⁎ | 1.206 | .019 | −0.004 |
| Quarantine | ||||||||
| No | 3975 (91.7%) | |||||||
| Yes - voluntary | 229 (5.3%) | .022 | .008 | .050⁎⁎ | −0.012 | 1.504* | .007 | −0.007 |
| Yes – regulatory action | 131 (3.0%) | .007 | −0.007 | .004 | .019 | 1.076 | .020 | −0.001 |
| COVID-19 diagnosis - self | ||||||||
| No | 4313 (99.5%) | |||||||
| Yes | 21 (0.5%) | .009 | −0.015 | −0.002 | .034* | 1.521 | .011 | .002 |
| COVID-19 diagnosis – loved ones | ||||||||
| No | 4096 (94.5%) | |||||||
| Yes | 238 (5.5%) | −0.010 | −0.013 | −0.012 | .009 | 0.821 | .007 | .020 |
| Restrictions by public health measures | .014 | .022 | .015 | .036* | 1.021 | .034* | −0.036* | |
| Reduction of social contacts | .120⁎⁎⁎ | .116⁎⁎⁎ | −0.013 | .272⁎⁎⁎ | 1.150* | .088⁎⁎⁎ | −0.121⁎⁎⁎ | |
| Distress related to restriction of social contacts | .427⁎⁎⁎ | .442⁎⁎⁎ | .107⁎⁎⁎ | .766⁎⁎⁎ | 1.678⁎⁎⁎ | .371⁎⁎⁎ | −0.402⁎⁎⁎ | |
| Perceived changes in life due to public health measures | .209⁎⁎⁎ | .238⁎⁎⁎ | .020 | .521⁎⁎⁎ | 1.176⁎⁎⁎ | .215⁎⁎⁎ | −0.207⁎⁎⁎ | |
| Appraisal of perceived changes in life | .240⁎⁎⁎ | .259⁎⁎⁎ | .014 | .528⁎⁎⁎ | 1.778⁎⁎⁎ | .217⁎⁎⁎ | −0.272⁎⁎⁎ | |
| Officially announced stay-home order | ||||||||
| No | 2998 (71.6%) | |||||||
| Yes | 1187 (28.4%) | .012 | .019 | .000 | .018 | 1.061 | .015 | −0.023 |
| Subjectively perceived stay-home order | ||||||||
| No | 2161 (51.6%) | |||||||
| Yes | 2023 (48.4%) | .060⁎⁎⁎ | .059⁎⁎⁎ | .016 | .053⁎⁎ | 1.347⁎⁎ | .043⁎⁎ | −0.040⁎⁎ |
OR: Odds Rations from logistic regressions; β: standardized beta coefficient; all logistic and linear regressions were adjusted for age and gender.
⁎
p<.05.
⁎⁎
p<.01.
⁎⁎⁎
p<.001.